Rapid and poorly managed agricultural landuse in Punjab plain is a major contention in groundwater quality deterioration. This study is focused on the determination of groundwater vulnerability potential of vadose material using geo-electrical method. Total of eight electrical resistivity soundings with Schlumberger electrode configuration are taken near Khizarabad Dairy Form, district Sargodha. The instrument ABEM Terrameter SAS 300 is used for data acquisition. The quantitative interpretation is done by 1D modelling of resistivity soundings by using IX1D software. The results characterize the area into three geo-electrical layers as dry alluvium (15.7 - 32.4 Ωm), saturated alluvium with high resistivity (10 - 20 Ωm) and low resistivity (>10 Ωm). Aquifer vulnerability is assessed by calculating Dar Zarrouk parameter (Longitudinal Conductance) and thickness of vadose zone. Resultant vulnerability is divided into three zones as low (>3.8 siemens) moderate (1.6 - 2.5 siemens) and high (<1.6 siemens). It is concluded from this study that Vertical Resistivity Sounding (VES) can be used for vulnerability assessment of an unconfined sandy alluvial aquifer from agricultural contaminants.
Obiora, D.N., Ajala, A.E. and Ibuot, J.C. (2015) Investigation of Groundwater Flow Potential in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria, Using Surficial Electrical Resistivity Method. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 9, 723-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2015.1983
Hussain, Y. (2014) Hydrogeophysical Investigations and GIS Vulnerability Mapping of Kot Addu, M.Phil. Dissertation, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Daniel, A., Louis, O., Emmanuel, C. and Orji, N. (2015) Delineation of Potential Groundwater Zones Using Geo- Electrical Sounding Data at Awka in Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 3, 1-5.
Fadele, S.I., et al. (2013) The Use of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) for Groundwater Exploration around Nigerian College of Aviation Technology (NCAT), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 13, 549-555.
Atakpo, E.A. and Ayolabi, E.A. (2009) Evaluation of Aquifer Vulnerability and the Protective Capacity in Some Oil Producing Communities of Western Niger Delta. The Environmentalist, 29, 310-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-008-9191-3
Kelly, W.E. and Stanislav, M. (1993) Applied Geophysics in Hydrogeological and Engineering Practice. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo.
Mosuro, G.O., et al. (2016) Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Leachate Infiltration Using Electrical Resistivity Method. Applied Water Science, 1-13.
Sonkamble, S. (2014) Electrical Resistivity and Hydrochemical Indicators Distinguishing Chemical Characteristics of Subsurface Pollution at Cuddalore Coast, Tamil Nadu. Journal Geological Society of India, 83, 535-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0081-7
Swartx, J.H. (1937) Resistivity Studies of Some Salt-Water Boundaries in the Hawaiian Islands. Transactions of American Geophysical Union, 18, 387- 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/TR018i002p00387
Lima, O.A.L., Sato, H.K. and Porsani, M.J. (1995) Imaging Industrial Contaminant Plumes with Resistivity Techniques. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 34, 93-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(95)00014-3
Sikandar, P., Bakhsh, A., Arshad, M. and Rana, T. (2010) The Use of Vertical Electrical Sounding Resistivity Method for the Location of Low Salinity Groundwater for Irrigation in Chaj and Rachna Doabs. Environmental Earth Sciences, 60, 1113-1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0255-6
Srinivasan, K., Poongothai, S. and Chidambaram, S. (2013) Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone by Using GIS and Electrical Resistivity Techniques in and around the Wellington Reservoir, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India. European Scientific Journal, 9, 312-331.
Amos-Uhegbu, C., Igboekwe, M.U., Chukwu, G.U., Okengwu, K.O. and Eke, T.K. (2014) Geoelectrical Delineation and Geochemical 2 Characteristics of Aquifer Systems in Kwa-Ibo River 3 Watershed, Abia State, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 3, 818-843. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2014/6215
Greenman, D.W., Swarzenski, W.V. and Bennett, G.D. (1967) Groundwater Hydrology of the Punjab, West Pakistan with Emphasis on Problems Caused by Canal Irrigation. US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper.
Hussain, S.D., Sajjad, M.I., Akram, W., Ahmad, M., Rafiq, M. and Tariq, J.A. (1990) Surface Water/Groundwater Relationship in Chaj Doab. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Pakistan.
Plymale, C.L. and Angle, M.P. (2002) Groundwater Pollution Potential of Fulton County, Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water, Water Resources Section, Groundwater Pollution Potential, Report No. 45.
Al Hallaq, A.H. and Elaish, B.S.A. (2012) Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability to Contamination in Khanyounis Governorate, Gaza Strip-Palestine, Using the DRASTIC Model within GIS Environment. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 5, 833-847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0284-9
Albinet, M. and Margat, J. (1970) Groundwater Pollution Vulnerability Mapping. Bulletin du Bureau de Researches Geologicques et Minieres Bull BRGM 2nd Series, 3, 13-22.
Duijvenbooden, W.V. and Waegeningh, H.G. (1987) Vulnerability of Soil and Groundwater to Pollutants. Proceedings and Information No. 38 of International Conference, Noordwijk aan Zee, 30 March-3 April 1987.
Geo Wat (2011) Technical Report—Measurement of Sub-Surface Resistivity.
Al Dulaymi, A.S., Al-Heety, E.A.R. and Hussien, B.M. (2012) Geo-Electrical Investigation of Mullusi Aquifer, Rutba, Iraq. International Journal of Geosciences, 3, 549-564.
Selvam, S. (2016) 1D Geoelectrical Resistivity Survey for Groundwater Studies in Coastal Area: A Case Study from Pearl City, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 87, 169-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-016-0385-x
Anomohanran, O. (2013) Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ukelegbe, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 13, 119-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2013.119.125
Patil, S., Kachate, N., Marathe, N., Ingle, S. and Golekar, R. (2015) Electrical Resistivity Studies for Groundwater Exploration in the Some Parts Chopda Block of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra India. International Research Journal of Earth Sciences, 3, 2321-2527.
Hussain, Y., Dilawar, A., Ullah, S., Akhter, G., Martinez-Carvajal, H., Hussain, M. and Aslam, A. (2016) Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Arsenic in Water and Its Correlation with Public Health, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 4, 18-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2016.42003
Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J.H., Petty, R.J. and Hackett, G. (1987) DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings. Environmental Protection Agency NWWA/EPA Series EPA-600/2-87-035, National Water Well Association, Dublin.
de Oliveira Braga, A.C. and Francisco, R.F. (2014) Natural Vulnerability Assessment to Contamination of Unconfined Aquifers by Longitudinal Conductance—(S) Method. Journal of Geography and Geology, 6, 68-79.
Braga, A.C.O. (2008) Estimation of the Natural Vulnerability of Aquifers: A Contribution from the Resistivity and Longitudinal Conductance. Brazilian Journal of Geophysics, 26, 61-68.
Obiora, D.N., Ajala, A.E. and Ibuot, J.C. (2015) Investigation of Groundwater Flow Potential in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria, Using Surficial Electrical Resistivity Method. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 9, 723-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2015.1983
Hussain, Y. (2014) Hydrogeophysical Investigations and GIS Vulnerability Mapping of Kot Addu, M.Phil. Dissertation, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Daniel, A., Louis, O., Emmanuel, C. and Orji, N. (2015) Delineation of Potential Groundwater Zones Using Geo- Electrical Sounding Data at Awka in Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 3, 1-5.
Fadele, S.I., et al. (2013) The Use of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) for Groundwater Exploration around Nigerian College of Aviation Technology (NCAT), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 13, 549-555.
Atakpo, E.A. and Ayolabi, E.A. (2009) Evaluation of Aquifer Vulnerability and the Protective Capacity in Some Oil Producing Communities of Western Niger Delta. The Environmentalist, 29, 310-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-008-9191-3
Kelly, W.E. and Stanislav, M. (1993) Applied Geophysics in Hydrogeological and Engineering Practice. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo.
Mosuro, G.O., et al. (2016) Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Leachate Infiltration Using Electrical Resistivity Method. Applied Water Science, 1-13.
Sonkamble, S. (2014) Electrical Resistivity and Hydrochemical Indicators Distinguishing Chemical Characteristics of Subsurface Pollution at Cuddalore Coast, Tamil Nadu. Journal Geological Society of India, 83, 535-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0081-7
Swartx, J.H. (1937) Resistivity Studies of Some Salt-Water Boundaries in the Hawaiian Islands. Transactions of American Geophysical Union, 18, 387- 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/TR018i002p00387
Lima, O.A.L., Sato, H.K. and Porsani, M.J. (1995) Imaging Industrial Contaminant Plumes with Resistivity Techniques. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 34, 93-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(95)00014-3
Sikandar, P., Bakhsh, A., Arshad, M. and Rana, T. (2010) The Use of Vertical Electrical Sounding Resistivity Method for the Location of Low Salinity Groundwater for Irrigation in Chaj and Rachna Doabs. Environmental Earth Sciences, 60, 1113-1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0255-6
Srinivasan, K., Poongothai, S. and Chidambaram, S. (2013) Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone by Using GIS and Electrical Resistivity Techniques in and around the Wellington Reservoir, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India. European Scientific Journal, 9, 312-331.
Amos-Uhegbu, C., Igboekwe, M.U., Chukwu, G.U., Okengwu, K.O. and Eke, T.K. (2014) Geoelectrical Delineation and Geochemical 2 Characteristics of Aquifer Systems in Kwa-Ibo River 3 Watershed, Abia State, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 3, 818-843. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2014/6215
Greenman, D.W., Swarzenski, W.V. and Bennett, G.D. (1967) Groundwater Hydrology of the Punjab, West Pakistan with Emphasis on Problems Caused by Canal Irrigation. US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper.
Hussain, S.D., Sajjad, M.I., Akram, W., Ahmad, M., Rafiq, M. and Tariq, J.A. (1990) Surface Water/Groundwater Relationship in Chaj Doab. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Pakistan.
Plymale, C.L. and Angle, M.P. (2002) Groundwater Pollution Potential of Fulton County, Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water, Water Resources Section, Groundwater Pollution Potential, Report No. 45.
Al Hallaq, A.H. and Elaish, B.S.A. (2012) Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability to Contamination in Khanyounis Governorate, Gaza Strip-Palestine, Using the DRASTIC Model within GIS Environment. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 5, 833-847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0284-9
Albinet, M. and Margat, J. (1970) Groundwater Pollution Vulnerability Mapping. Bulletin du Bureau de Researches Geologicques et Minieres Bull BRGM 2nd Series, 3, 13-22.
Duijvenbooden, W.V. and Waegeningh, H.G. (1987) Vulnerability of Soil and Groundwater to Pollutants. Proceedings and Information No. 38 of International Conference, Noordwijk aan Zee, 30 March-3 April 1987.
Geo Wat (2011) Technical Report—Measurement of Sub-Surface Resistivity.
Al Dulaymi, A.S., Al-Heety, E.A.R. and Hussien, B.M. (2012) Geo-Electrical Investigation of Mullusi Aquifer, Rutba, Iraq. International Journal of Geosciences, 3, 549-564.
Selvam, S. (2016) 1D Geoelectrical Resistivity Survey for Groundwater Studies in Coastal Area: A Case Study from Pearl City, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 87, 169-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-016-0385-x
Anomohanran, O. (2013) Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ukelegbe, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 13, 119-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2013.119.125
Patil, S., Kachate, N., Marathe, N., Ingle, S. and Golekar, R. (2015) Electrical Resistivity Studies for Groundwater Exploration in the Some Parts Chopda Block of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra India. International Research Journal of Earth Sciences, 3, 2321-2527.
Hussain, Y., Dilawar, A., Ullah, S., Akhter, G., Martinez-Carvajal, H., Hussain, M. and Aslam, A. (2016) Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Arsenic in Water and Its Correlation with Public Health, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 4, 18-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2016.42003
Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J.H., Petty, R.J. and Hackett, G. (1987) DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings. Environmental Protection Agency NWWA/EPA Series EPA-600/2-87-035, National Water Well Association, Dublin.
de Oliveira Braga, A.C. and Francisco, R.F. (2014) Natural Vulnerability Assessment to Contamination of Unconfined Aquifers by Longitudinal Conductance—(S) Method. Journal of Geography and Geology, 6, 68-79.
Braga, A.C.O. (2008) Estimation of the Natural Vulnerability of Aquifers: A Contribution from the Resistivity and Longitudinal Conductance. Brazilian Journal of Geophysics, 26, 61-68.