The aim of this study is to describe the sedimentary evolution occurred during the last 200-years in the middle Capibaribe Estuary by mean of the sedimentary analysis (magnetic susceptibility, grain size, calcium carbonate, total organic matter—TOM) and geochemical parameters (sedimentation rates, heavy metal concentrations, enrichment and contamination factor) along a core. The core recorded four units and the measured sedimentation rate was 0.52 cm cm·y ﹣ 1 . The first unit, dating before 1812, showed environmental characteristics of mangrove with predominance of fine sediments, high total organic matter percentages and heavy metal concentrations probably from natural sources. The second unit, from 1812 to 1937, showed a slight increase in sand percentages and decrease in fine fraction, TOM contents and heavy metals concentrations. These characteristics may be associated with the urban expansion processes and the presence of monoculture of sugar cane occurred in the middle Capibaribe Estuary. The third unit, from 1937 to 2004, showed the highest sand percentages of the core, characterizing a unit exclusively of sand with low fine fractions percentages, total organic matter contents and heavy metals concentrations. This unit represented the intensification of the urban processes expansion of Recife City. The fourth unit showed increases in fine fraction sedimentation, TOM contents and heavy metals concentrations. This new change in sedimentation probably is consequence of rebirth of marginal estuarine banks by mangrove vegetation, due to environmental projects carried out by Recife Prefecture in the early 2000’s. It was not possible to register the anthropic contamination to middle estuary area probably due to the Barreiras Formation influences in the metal concentration records, masking the anthropic contamination inputs in estuarine region. Although, lead and arsenic showing an enrichment level indicating anthropic contamination.
Cunha, P.P., Pinto, J. and Dinis, J.L. (1997) Evolucao da fisiografia e ocupacao antrópica na área estuarina do Rio Mondego e regiao envolvente (Portugal centro-oeste), desde 1947 Abstract: integrada no Plano Director Municipal da Figueira. Territorium, 93, 99-124. https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-7723_4_8
Sanders, C.J., Santos, I.R., Silva-Filho, E.V. and Patchineelam, S.R. (2006) Mercury Flux to Estuarine Sediments, Derived from Pb-210 and Cs-137 Geochronologies (Guaratuba Bay, Brazil). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 1085-1089.
Friedman, G.M. and Sanders, J.E. (1978) Principles of Sedimentology. Wiley, New York.
Largier, J.L. (1993) Estuarine Fronts: How Important Are They? Estuaries, 16, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2307/1352760
Uncles, R.J. (2002) Estuarine Physical Processes Research: Some Recent Studies and Progress. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Sciences, 55, 829-256. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2002.1032
Sartoretto, J.R. (2014) Histórico de atividade antrópica no Sistema Estuarino Santos e Sao Vicente. Msc Dissertation, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo.
Lacerda, L.D., Maia, L.P., Monteiro, L.H.U., Souza, G.M., Bezerra, L.J.C. and Menezes, M.O.T. (2006) Manguezais do Nordeste e mudancas ambientais. Ciência Hoje, 39, 24-49.
Buckley, D.E., Smith, J.N. and Winters, G.V. (1995) Accumulation of Contaminant Metals in Marine Sediments of Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia: Environmental Factors and Historical Trends. Applied Geochemistry, 10,175-195.
Li, X.D., Wai, O.W.H., Coles, B.J., Ramsey, H. and Thornton, I. (2000) Heavy Metal Distribution in the Sediment Profiles of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Applied Geochemistry, 15, 567-581.
Meyers, P.A. (1997) Organic Geochemical Proxies of Paleoceanographic, Paleolimnologic, and Paleoclimatic Processes. Organic Geochemistry, 27, 213-250.
Heller, F., Strzyszcz, Z. and Magiera, T. (1998) Magnetic Record of Industrial Pollution in Forest Soils of Upper Silesia, Poland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 17767-17774. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01667
Hofmann, V., Knab, M. and Appel, E. (1999) Magnetic Susceptibility Mapping of Roadside Pollution. Journal Geochemical Exploration, 66, 313-326.
Martins, C.C., Mahiques, M.M., Bícego, M.C., Fukumoto, M.M. and Montone, R.C. (2007) Comparison between Anthropogenic Hydrocarbons and Magnetic Susceptibility in Sediment Cores from the Santos Estuary, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 240-246.
Birch, G.F. and Davey, S. (1995) Accumulation of Metallic Contaminants in Surficial Sediments on a High-Energy Continental Shelf, Sydney, Australia. Science of the Total Environment, 170, 81-93.
Andrews, J.E., Greenaway, A.M., Bigg, G.R., Webber, D.F., Dennis, P.F. and Guthrie, G.A. (1999) Pollution History of a Tropical Estuary Revealed by Combined Hydrodynamic Modeling and Sediment Geochemistry. Journal of Marine Systems, 18, 333-343.
Yu, K.C., Tsai, L.J., Chen, S.H. and Ho, S.T. (2001) Correlation Analyses on Binding Behavior of Heavy Metals with Sediment Matrices. Water Research, 35, 2417-2428.
Delgado, J., Boski, T., Nieto, J.M., Pereira, L., Moura, D., Gosmes, A., Sousa, C. and García-Tenorio, R. (2012) Sea-Level Rise and Anthropogenic Activities Recorded in the Late Pleistocene/Holocene Sedimentary Infill of the Guadiana Estuary (SW Iberia). Quaternary Science Reviews, 33, 121-141.
Chitrarasu, P., Ali, A.J., Babuthangadurai, T. and Manickam, N. (2013) Studies on the Heavy Metal Analysis of Sediment at Ennore Estuary in Southeast Coast of India. Current Biotica, 7, 1-7.
Chatterjee, M., Silva Filho, E.V., Sarkar, S.K., Sella, S.M., Bhattacharya, A., Satpathy, K.K., Prasad, M.V.R., Chakraborty, S. and Bhattacharya, B.D. (2007) Distribution and Possible Source of Trace Elements in the Sediment Cores of a Tropical Macrotidal Estuary and Their Ecotoxicological Significance. Environmental International, 33, 346-356.
Wanderley, C.V.A., Godoy, J.M., Godoy, M.L.D.P., Rezende, C.E. and Lacerda, L.D. (2014) Evaluating Sedimentation Rates in the Estuary and Shelf Region of the Paraíba do Sul River, Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Brazilian Chemistry Society, 25, 50-64.
Pontual, V. (2001) Tempos do Recife: Representacoes culturais e configuracoes urbanas. Revista Brasileira de História, 21, 417-434. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-01882001000300008
Macêdo, S.J., Silva, H.K.P., Brayner, F.M.M., Duarte, M.M.M.B. and Barbosa. M.F. (2007) Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediments of the Capibaribe River Estuary in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Pernambuco-Brazil. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 102, 357-365.
Silva, H.K.P., Macêdo, S.J. and Bryner, F.M.M. (2010) Avaliacao das Concentracoes de Metais Traco nos Sedimentos do Parque dos Manguezais, Regiao Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), Pernambuco, Brasil. Tropical Oceanography, 38, 174-180.
Oliveira, T.S., Barcellos, R.L., Schettini, C.A.F. and Camargo, P.B. (2014) Processo sedimentar atual e distribuicao da matéria organica em um complexo estuarino tropical, Recife, PE, Brasil. Revista de Gestao Costeira Integrada, 14, 399-411. https://doi.org/10.5894/rgci470
Aquino, E.P., Borges, G.C.P., Honorato-da-Silva, M., Passavante, J.Z.O. and Cunha, M.G.G.S. (2014) Microphytoplankton Community and Environmental Variables in an Urban Eutrophic Estuary (Capibaribe River, Northeast Brazil). Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Science, 9, 267-277.
Manso, V.A.V., Coutinho, P.N., Guerra, N.C. and Silva Júnior, C.F.A. (2006) Pernambuco. In: Manso, V.A.V., Coutinho, P.N., Guerra, N.C., Eds., Erosao e progradacao do litoral Brasileiro—Pernambuco, 179-196.
IBGE (2010) Censo Demográfico 2010. Rio de Janeiro. http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/
Oliveira, T.S. (2014) Processo Sedimentar Atual e Distribuicao da Matéria Organica no Sistema Estuarino dos Rios Capibaribe, Beberibe e Bacia do Pina (Recife-PE). Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife.
Carver, R. (1971) Procedures in Sedimentary Petrology. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Folk, R.L. and Ward, W.C. (1957) A Study in the Significance of Grain-Size Parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27, 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
Shepard, F.P. (1954) Nomenclature Based on Sand, Silt, Clay Rations. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 24, 151-158.
Camargo, M.G. (2006) Sysgran: Um Sistema de Código Aberto para Análises Granulométricas do Sedimento. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 36, 371-378.
Saito, R.T., Figueira, R.C.L., Tessier, M.G. and Cunha, I.I.L. (2001) 210Pb and 137Cs geochronologies in the Cananeia-Iguape Estuary (Sao Paulo, Brasil). Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 249, 257-261. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013219332322
Patchineelam, S.R. and Smoak, J.M. (1999) Sediment Accumulation Rates along the Inner Eastern Brazilian Continental Shelf. Geo-Marine Letters, 19, 196-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050109
Appleby, P.G. and Oldfield, F. (1978) The Calculation of Lead-210 Dates Assuming a Constant Rate of Supply of Unsupported 210Pb to the Sediment. CATENA, 5, 1-8.
Figueira, R.C.L., Silva, L., Figueiredo, A. and Cunha, I. (1998) Goiana, Ten Years Later. Instrumental Analysis by Gamma Spectrometry of Low Level Cs-17 in Marine Samples. IAEA, 7, 327-329.
Skoog, D.A., Holler, F.J. and Nieman, T.A. (2009) Princípios de Análise Instrumental, 5a. Bookman, Porto Alegre.
Baptista Neto, J.A., Smith, B.J. and McAllister, J.J. (2000) Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments in a Nearshore Environment, Jurujuba Sound, Southeast Brazil. Environmental Pollution, 109, 1-9.
Karageorgis, A.P., Katsanevakis, S. and Kaberi, H. (2009) Use of Enrichment Factors for the Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Sediments of Koumoundourou Lake, Greece. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 204, 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050109
Loring, D.H. (1991) Normalization of Heavy-Metal Data from Estuarine and Coastal Sediments. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 48, 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/48.1.101
Din, Z.B. (1992) Use of Aluminium to Normalize Heavy-Metal Data from Estuarine and Coastal Sediments of Straits of Melaka. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24, 484-491.
Grousset, F.E., Jouanneau, J.M., Castaing, P., Lavaux, G. and Latouche, C. (1999) A 70 Year Record of Contamination from Industrial Activity along the Garonne River and Its Tributaries (SW France). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 48, 401-414. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1998.0435
Covelli, S. and Fontolan, G. (1997) Application of a Normalization Procedure in Determining Regional Geochemical Baselines. Environmental Geology, 30, 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050130
Szefer, P., Glasby, G.P., Kusak, A., Szefer, K., Jankowska, H., Wolowicz, M. and Ali, A.A.P. (1998) Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Influx of Metallic Pollutants into Puck Bay, Southern Baltic. Applied Geochemistry, 13, 293-304.
Birch, G.F. and Olmos, M.A. (2008) Sediment-Bound Heavy Metals as Indicators of Human Influence and Biological Risk in Coastal Water Bodies. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65, 1407-1413. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn139
Hakanson, L. (1980) An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control. A Sedimentological Approach. Water Research, 14, 975-1001.
Satapathy, D.R. and Panda, C.R. (2015) Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Major and Trace Metals in Estuarine Sediments of Dhamra, Bay of Bengal, India—Its Environmental Significance. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 4133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4133-7
Larsonneur, C., Bouysse, P. and Auffret, J. (1982) The Superficial Sediments of the English Channel and Its Western Approaches. Sedimentology, 29, 851-864. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1982.tb00088.x
Turekian, K.K. and Wedepohl, K.H. (1961) Distribution of the Elements in Some Major Units of the Earth’s Crust. Geology Society of America Bulletin, 72, 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2
Alongi, D.M. (1990) Effect of Mangrove Detrital out Welling on Nutrient Regeneration, Oxygen Fluxes in Coastal Sediments of the Central Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 31, 581-598.
Prasad, K.B.K., Dittmar, T. and Ramanathan, A.L. (2010) Organic Matter and Mangrove Productivity. In: Ramanathan, A.L., Bhattacharya, P., Dittmar, T., Prasad, M.B.K. and Neupane, B.R., Eds., Management and Sustainable Development of Coastal Zone Environments, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 175-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3068-9_12
Bosence, D.W.J. and Wilson, R.C.L. (2003) Carbonate Depositional system. In: The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Changes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 209-233.
Lana, P.C.M., Couto, E.C. and Almeida, M.V.O. (1997) Polychaete Distribution and Abundance in Intertidal Flats of Paranaguá Bay (SE Brazil). Bulletin Marine Science, 60, 433-442.
Aloupi, M. and Angelidis, M.O. (2001) Geochemistry of Natural and Anthropogenic Metals in the Coastal Sediments of the Island of Lesvos, Aegean Sea. Environmental Pollution, 113, 211-219.
Aprile, F.M. and Bouvy, M. (2010) Heavy Metal Levels in Surface Waters from a Tropical River Basin, Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 32, 357-364. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i4.5231
Aprile, F.M. and Bouvy, M. (2008) Distribution and Enrichment of Heavy Metals in Sediments at the Tapacurá River Basin, North Eastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal Aquatic Science and Technology, 12, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v12n1.p1-8
Alheiros, M.M. and Lima Filho, M.F. (1991) A Formacao Barreiras. Revisao da faixa sedimentar costeira de Pernambuco, Paraíba e do Rio Grande do Norte. Série Estudos Geológicos, 10, 77-88.
Barreiro, J.C. (2002) Imaginário e Viajantes no Brasil no século XIX: Cultura e Cotidiano, Tradicao e Resistência. UNESP, Sao Paulo.
Barros, S.A.L. and Leite, M.A.F.P. (2004) A Escala Bairro e o Conceito de Lugar Urbano: O Caso de Apipucos e Poco da Panela no Recife. Revista do Programa Pós-Graduacao em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da FAUUSP, 15, 56-73. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-2762.v0i15p56-74
Borborema, A.C.B.A., Andrade, H.J.L.F. and Sá, L.A.C.M. (2011) Da Cartografia dos antigos engenhos à cartografia holandesa e portuguesa. Anais do I simpósio Brasileiro de Cartografia Histórica, Paraty, 10-14 May 2011, 1-18.
Freyre, G. (2004) Nordeste: Aspectos da influência da cana sobre a vida e a paisagem do Nordeste do Brasil, 7a. Global, Sao Paulo.
Silva, L.M.T. (2007) Parahiba, uma Cidade Esquecida no Império oo Brasil (1822-1859). PhDThesis, Federal UniversityFluminense, Niterói.
Liaghati, T., Preda, M. and Cox, M. (2003) Heavy Metal Distribution and Controlling Factors within Coastal Plain Sediments, Bells Creek Catchment, Southeast Queensland, Australia. Environmental. International, 29, 935-948.
Melo, V.M. (2005) Dinamica de paisagens de rios urbanos. Anais do XI Encontro nacional da associacao nacional de Pós-Graduacao e Pesquisa em planejamento Urbano e Regional, Salvador, 23-27 May 2005, 1-20.
Cesário, M.F.P. (2006) Um estudo da viabilidade do uso turístico do Rio Capibaribe no Recife. Msc Thesis, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife.
Melo, J.G.S., Oliveira, T.H., Silva, C.A.V., Torres, M.F., Galvicio, J.D. and Silva, H.A. (2011) Análise espaco temporal do manguezal do baixo curso do rio Capibaribe, Recife-PE: Uma contribuicao para o gerenciamento ambiental. XV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Sao José dos Campos, 30 April-5 May 2011, 6586-6593.
Santos, F.M.M. (2010) Uso de geotecnologias para mapeamento de manguezais. Boletim Científico da ESMPU, 35, 137-156. http://boletimcientifico.escola.mpu.mp.br/boletins/boletim-cientifico-n-35-julho-dezembro-de-2011/uso-de-geotecnologias-para-mapeamento-de-manguezais
Zhang, L., Ye, X., Feng, H., Jing, Y., Ouyang, T., Yu, X., Liang, R., Gao, C. and Chen, W. (2007) Heavy Metal Contamination in Western Xiamen Bay Sediments and Its Vicinity, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 974-982.
Freire, G.S.S., Gomes, D.F., Lima, S.F., Maia, L.P. and Lacerda, L.D. (2004) Geochemistry of Continental Shelf Sediments of the Ceará Coast, North-Eastern Brazil. In: Lacerda, L.D., Santelli, R., Duursma, E. and Abrao, J.J., Eds., Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Environments, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 365-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07060-4_26
Aguiar, J.E., Lacerda, L.D., Miguens, F.C. and Marins, R.V. (2014) The Geostatistics of the Metal Concentrations in Sediments from the Eastern Brazilian Continental Shelf in Areas of Gas and Oil Production. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 51, 91-104.
Xu, Y., Sun, Q., Yi, L., Yin, X., Wang, A., Li, Y. and Chen, J. (2014) The Source of Natural and Anthropogenic Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Minjiang River Estuary (SE China): Implications for Historical Pollution. Science Total Environment, 493, 729-736.
CPRM (2005) Projeto Piloto Mapa Geoquímica Internacional.
Coleman, M.L., Raiswell, R., Brown, A., Curtis, C.D., Aplin, A.C., Ortoleva, P.J., Gruszczynski, M., Lyons, T., Lovley, D.R. and Eglinton, G. (1993) Microbial Mineralization of Organic Matter—Mechanisms of Self Organization and Inferred Rates of Precipitation of Diagenetic Minerals. Philosophical Transaction the Royal Society London, A344, 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1993.0076
Morad, S., Ketzer, J.M. and De Ros, L.F. (2000) Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Diagenetic Alterations in Siliciclastic Rocks: Implication for Mass Transfer in Sedimentary Basin. Sedimentology, 47, 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00007.x
Curtis, C.D. (1987) Mineralogical Consequence of Organic Matter Degradation in Sediments: Inorganic/Organic Diagenesis. In: Legget, J.K. and Zuffa, G.G., Eds., Marine Clastic Sedimentology—Concepts and Case Studies, Graham and Troman Inc., Norwell, 108-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3241-8_6
Froelich, P.N., Klinkammer, M.L., Bender, M.L., Luedtke, N.A., Heath, G.R., Cullen, D. and Dauphin, P.P. (1979) Early Oxidation of Organic Matter in Pellagic Sediments of the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic: Suboxic Diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43, 1075-1090.
Berner, R. (1981) A New Geochemical Classification of Sedimentary Environments. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, 51, 359-365.
Mirlean, N., Baisch, P.R., Travassos, M.P. and Nassar, C. (2011) Calcareous Algae Bioclast Contribution to Sediment Enrichment by Arsenic on the Brazilian Subtropical Coast. Geo-Marine Letters, 31, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-010-0215-x
Mirlean, N., Medeanic, S., Garcia, F.A., Travassos, M.P. and Baish, P. (2012) Arsenic Enrichment in Shelf and Coastal Sediment of the Brazilian Subtropics. Continental Shelf Research,35, 129-136.
Mirlean, N., Garcia, F., Baisch, P., Quintana, G.C. and Agnes, F. (2013) Sandy Beaches Contamination by Arsenic, a Result of Nearshore Sediment Diagenesis and Transport (Brazilian Coastline). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 135, 241-247.
Mirlean, N., Baisch, P. and Diniz, D. (2014) Arsenic in Grounwater of the Paraíba do Sul delta, Brazil: An Atmospheric Source? Science of the Total Environment, 482-483, 148-156.
Mirlean, N., Baisch, P., Garcia, F., Seus, E. and Silva-Silveira, E. (2016) Coralline Algae and Arsenic Fixation in Nearshore Sediments. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 3, 83-88.
Wallner-Kersanach, M., Mirlean, N., Baumgarten, M.G.Z., Costa, L.F. and Baisch, P. (2016) Temporal Evolution of the Contamination in the Southern Area of the Patos Lagoon Estuary, RS, Brasil. Revista da Gestao Costeira Integrada, 16.
Xavier, D.A., Barcellos, R.L., Figueira, R.C.L. and Schettini, C.A.F. (2016) Evolucao sedimentar do estuário do rio Capibaribe (Recife-PE) nos últimos 200 anos e suas relacoes com a atividade antrópica e processo de urbanizacao. Tropical Oceanography, 44, 74-88.