This study was conducted to evaluate the diurnal effect on essential oil yield and composition of Ledum palustre L. grown in northern Inner Mongolia, China. Essential oil content and composition were determined and compared as a function of different harvesting times viz. 7:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 3:00 PM, 7:00 PM, and 11:00 PM within a day. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yield of essential oil was varied from 1.21% to 1.62%; the maximum oil yield was obtained at 3:00 PM and the minimum at 7:00 PM. Similar to oil yield, qualitative difference in essential oil composition of L. palustre was observed. For the best essential oil yields, L. palustre should be harvested during 11:00 AM to 3:00 PM.
Kim, D. and Nam, B. (2006) Extracts and Essential Oil of Ledum palustre L. Leaves and Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. Preventive Nutrition & Food Science, 11, 100-104. https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2006.11.2.100
Belousova, N.I., Khan, V.A. and Berezovskaya T.P. (1990) Intraspecies Chemical Variability of the Essential Oil of Ledum palustre. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 26, 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598991
Butkiene, R., Sakociūte, V., Latvenaite, D. and Mockute, D. (2008) Composition of Young and Aged Shoot Essential Oils of the Wild Ledum palustre L. Chemija, 19, 19-24.
Evstratova, R.I., Kabanov, V.S., Krylova, I.L. and Prokosheva, L.I. (1978) Content of Essential Oil and of Ledol in Leaves of Marsh Rosemary (Ledum palustre L.) during Different Phases of Vegetation. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 12, 1468-1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00772648
Mikhailova, N.S. and Rybalko, K.S. (1980) Chemical Constitution of Ledum palustre. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 16, 131-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00638770
Judzentiene, A., Budiene, J., Misiunas, A. and Butkiene, R. (2012) Variation in Essential Oil Composition of Rhododendron tomentosum Gathered in Limited Population (in Eastern Lithuania). Chemija, 23, 131-135.
Tejesvi, M.V., Kajula, M., Mattila, S. and Pirttila, A.M. (2011) Bioactivity and Genetic Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja. Fungal Diversity, 47, 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0087-4
Zhao, Q., Ding, Q., Yuan, G., Xu, F., Li, B., Wang, J. and Ouyang, J. (2016) Comparison of the Essential Oil Composition of Wild Rhododendron tomentosum Stems, Leaves, and Flowers in Bloom and Non-Bloom Periods from Northeast China. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 19, 1216-1223. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2016.1141065
Dampc, A. and Luczkiewicz, M. (2013) Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre). A Review of Traditional Use Based on Current Research. Fitoterapia, 85, 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.01.013
Bufalo, J., Zheljazkov, V.D., Cantrell, C.L., Astatkie, T., Ciampa, L. and Jeliazkova, E. (2015) Diurnal Effects on Spearmint Oil Yields and Composition. Scientia Horticulturae, 182, 73-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.11.018
Baghalian, K., Haghiry, A., Naghavi, M.R. and Mohammadi, A. (2008) Effect of Saline Irrigation Water on Agronomical and Phytochemical Characters of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 116, 437-441.
Viuda-Martos, M., Ruiz-Navajas, Y., Fernández-López, J. and Perez-álvarez, J. (2008) Antibacterial Activity of Lemon (Citrus lemon L.), Mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.), Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) and Orange (Citrussinensis L.) Essential Oils. Food Control, 19, 1130-1138.
Shanjani, P.S., Mirza, M., Calagari, M. and Adams, R.P. (2010) Effects Drying and Harvest Season on the Essential Oil Composition from Foliage and Berries of Juniperus excelsa. Industrial Crops & Products, 32, 83-87.
Zheljazkov, V.D., Cantrell, C.L., Astatkie, T. and Hristov, A. (2010) Yield, Content, and Composition of Peppermint and Spearmints as a Function of Harvesting Time and Drying. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 11400-11407. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1022077
Butkiene, R. and Mockute, D. (2011) The Variability of the Essential Oil Composition of Wild L. Shoots During Vegetation Reriod. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23, 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2011.9700423
Silva, M.G.D.V., Craveiro, A.A., Matos, F.J.A., Machado, M.I.L. and Alencar, J.W. (1999) Chemical Variation during Daytime of Constituents of the Essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum Leaves. Fitoterapia, 70, 32-34.
Rao, B.R., Bhattacharya, A., Kaul, P. and Ramesh, S. (2002) Yield and Chemical Composition of Rose-Scented Geranium (Pelargonium Species) Oil at Different Times of Harvesting. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13, 456-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2001.9699728
Kumar, R., Sharma, S., Sood, S., Agnihotri, V.K. and Singh, B. (2013) Effect of Diurnal Variability and Storage Conditions on Essential Oil Content and Quality of Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) Flowers in North Western Himalayas. Scientia Horticulturae, 154, 102-108.
Angelopoulou, D., Demetzos, C. and Perdetzoglou, D. (2002) Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of the Essential Oil Labdanes and Clerodanes from Cistus monspeliensis L. Leaves. Biochemical Systematics & Ecology, 30, 189-203.
Hassiotis, C.N., Lazari, D.M. and Vlachonasios, K.E. (2010) The Effects of Habitat Type and Diurnal Harvest on Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19, 1491-1498.
Jemaa, J.M.B., Haouel, S., Bouaziz, M. and Khouja, M.L. (2012) Seasonal Variations in Chemical Composition and Fumigant Activity of Five Eucalyptus Essential Oils against Three Moth Pests of Stored Dates in Tunisia. Journal of Stored Products Research, 48, 61-67.
Wang, Y. and Zhao, M. (2003) Study on the Volatile Constituents of Ledum palustre L. in the Daxingan Mountains. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 21, 631.
Zhao, D.X., Wang, H.T., Wu, C.S., Sun, S.W. and Ma, Y.P. (1987) A Preliminary Study of the Volatile Oil from Ledum palustre. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2, 75-78.
Chen, Q.X., Wang, X.Q., Chen, Q.H. and Wen, C.H. (2006) The Study of Extraction Methods of the Volatile Oil of Ledum palustre. Acta Academiae Medicinae Neimongol, 28, 414-416.
Zhao, Z., Wang, Y., Du, X., Liu, X., Li, D. and Sun, Z. (2001) Study on the Composition and Application of Essential Oil of Ledum palustre L. var angustum. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 35, 3-5.
Roberts, J.M., Hahn, C.J., Fehsenfeld, F.C., Warnock, J.M., Albritton, D.L. and Sievers, R.E. (1985) Monoterpene Hydrocarbons in the Nighttime Troposphere. Environmental Science & Technology, 19, 364-369. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00134a011
Bufler, U. and Wegmann, K. (1991) Diurnal Variation of Monoterpene Concentrations in Open-Top Chambers and in the Welzheim Forest Air, F.R.G. Atmospheric Environment Part A General Topics, 25, 251-256.
Lopes, N.P., Kato, M.J., de Aguiar-Andrade, E.H., Soares-Maia, J.G. and Yoshida, M. (1997) Circadian and Seasonal Variation in the Essential Oil from Virola surinamensis Leaves. Phytochemistry, 46, 689-693.
Ayanoglu, F., Arslan, M. and Hatay, A. (2005) Effects of Harvesting Stages, Harvesting Hours and Drying Methods on Essential Oil Content of Lemon Balm Grown in Eastern Mediterranean. International Journal of Botany, 1, 138-142. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2005.138.142
Blank, A.F., Costa, A.G., Arrigoni-Blank, M.D.F., Cavalcanti, S.C.H., Alves, P.B., Innecco, R., Ehlert, P.A.D. and Sousa, I.F.D. (2007) Influence of Season, Harvest Time and Drying on Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) Volatile Oil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 17, 557-564. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2007000400014
Shevchenko, S. (1973) Seasonal and Diurnal Changes in Salvia sclarea Essential Oil Content. Rastitel’nye Resursy, 9, 566-570.
Lawrence, B.M. (1988) A Further Examination of the Variation of Ocimum basilicum L. Developments in Food Science, 18, 161-170.
Ramezani, S., Ramezani, F., Rasouli, F., Ghasemi, M. and Fotokian, M.H. (2009) Diurnal Variation of the Essential Oil of Four Medicinal Plants Species in Central Region of Iran. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4, 103-106.
Ramezani, S., Rahmanian, M., Jahanbin, R., Mohajeri, F., Rezaei, M.R. and Solaimani, B. (2012) Diurnal Changes in Essential Oil Content of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Aerial Parts from Iran. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4, 277-281.