Influence of Breathing and Chewing on Timing of Flavor Detection
- 1 Department of Eating Disorder and Dysphagia, Graduate School of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Rehabilitation, Murakami, Japan
- 2 Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze frequencies of flavor detection signals occurring in any of the three respiratory phases and either of the two masticatory phases. Flavors of three fruity (grape, orange, and strawberry) gummy candies in the mouth were detected after chewing in 24 young healthy participants. The results revealed that: 1) more detection signals occurred in the expiratory phase than in the inspiratory or pausing phases and 2) more detection signals occurred in the jaw-closing phase than in the jaw-opening phase. Statistical analysis showed that the difference between the frequencies among the three respiratory phases was significant ( P < 0.001) but not between the two masticatory phases. Further analysis showed that the frequencies occurring within individual respiratory phases were not significantly biased. The present results suggest that flavor detection during chewing depends more on the expiratory phase rather than the inspiratory and pausing phases, whereas detection is dependent to a lesser extent on either of the masticatory phases.
- Chaput, M.A. (1986) Respiratory-Phase-Related Coding of Olfactory Information in the Olfactory Bulb of Awake Freely-Breathing Rabbits. Physiology & Behavior, 36, 319-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(86)90023-5
- Rawson, N.E. (2000) Human Olfaction. In: Silver, W.L., Restrepo, D. and Finger, T.E., Eds., The Neurobilology of Taste and Smell, Wiley, New York, 257-284.
- Haahr, A.M., Bardow, A., Thomsen, C.E., Jensen, S.B., Nauntofte, B., Bakke, M., Adler-Nissen, J. and Bredie, W.L. (2004) Release of Peppermint Flavour Compounds from Chewing Gum: Effect of Oral Functions. Physiology & Behavior, 82, 531-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.061
- Phillips, M.E., Sachdev, R.N., Willhite, D.C. and Shepherd, G.M. (2012) Respiration Drives Network Activity and Modulates Synaptic and Circuit Processing of Lateral Inhibition in the Olfactory Bulb. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4278-11.2012
- Burdach, K.J. and Doty, R.L. (1987) The Effects of Mouth Movements, Swallowing, and Spitting on Retronasal Odor Perception. Physiology & Behavior, 41, 353-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90400-8
- Pionnier, E., Chabanet, C., Mioche, L., Le Quere, J.L. and Salles, C. (2004) 1. In Vivo Aroma Release during Eating of a Model Cheese: Relationships with Oral Parameters. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 52, 557-564. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030544v
- Miyaoka, S. and Miyaoka, Y. (2013) An Electromyography-Based System for Measuring the Flavor Detection Time in Healthy Adults. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 3, 581-583. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2013.38061
- Miyaoka, S., Yamazaki, T., Ito, N. and Miyaoka, Y. (2014) Factors Determining the Detection Time to Flavor in Healthy Adults. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 114-119. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2014.43015
- Rubin, J.E., Shevtsova, N.A., Ermentrout, G.B., Smith, J.C. and Rybak, I.A. (2009) Multiple Rhythmic States in a Model of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator. Journal of Neurophysiology, 101, 2146-2165. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.90958.2008
- Yamada, Y., Yamamura, K. and Inoue, M. (2005) Coordination of Cranial Motoneurons during Mastication. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 147, 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2005.02.017
- Murphy, C. and Cain, W.S. (1980) Taste and Olfaction: Independence vs. Interaction. Physiology & Behavior, 24, 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(80)90257-7