Regenerative and Stem-Cell Based Approaches for Rhinitis: From Pathophysiology to Translational Models

Abstract

Rhinitis, a prevalent inflammatory condition of the upper airway, imposes a substantial global health burden. While current pharmacotherapies alleviate symptoms, they are ineffective in restoring epithelial barrier integrity or reversing structural damage, underscoring a critical therapeutic gap. This review explores the potential of regenerative medicine and stem cell-based strategies to address these limitations. We first explain the pathophysiological mechanisms across rhinitis subtypes and evaluate the constraints of existing management options. The application of advanced in vitro models and nasal organoids for dissecting disease mechanisms and screening candidate therapeutics is then examined. Furthermore, we highlight the promise of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and tissue engineering approaches in rhinitis management. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that MSCs can mitigate nasal inflammation, reduce eosinophilic infiltration, and promote mucosal repair through their paracrine actions and immunomodulatory capacities, which include restoring the Th1/Th2 balance and enhancing epithelial barrier function. The integration of these biologic and bioengineering approaches heralds a paradigm shift from symptomatic control towards durable tissue restoration and immune rebalancing in rhinitis therapy.