To assess, in vitro , the cellular viability in a murine macrophage cell line J774 with 9 different orthodontic wires and to evaluate the effects of its NO production. To assess cellular viability by MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay in the cell line J774 with 9 different orthodontic wires and quantify NO production by these macrophages. Cell cultures were evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours. There was no significant difference of the means of cellular viability between the control and the group of wires in the respective time intervals. In the comparison with the control group, there was significant difference in the NO production in groups 1, 6, and 9 at 24 hours interval. Group 8 showed significant difference in relation to the control group at final time interval. Cellular viability in all groups was higher at the final time interval than at the initial time interval. This increase was significant in the control group. In the material groups, the final mean of cellular viability at 72 hours showed no significant difference when compared with the control group. NO production in all groups was higher at the final time interval than at the initial time interval. This increase was significant in the control group. In the material groups, the final mean of NO production at 72 hours was only significant in group 8 (betatitanium) when compared with the control group.
Phillips, R.W. (1993) Materiais dentários. 9th Edition, Editora Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro.
Tsuchiya, T., Ikarashi, Y., Arai, T., Ohhashi, J. and Nakamura, A. (1994) Improved sensitivity and decreased sample size in a cytotoxicity test for biomaterials: A modified colony microassay using a microplate and crystal violet staining. Journal of Applied Biomaterials, 5, 361-367. doi:10.1002/jab.770050412
Arvidson, K., Cottler-Fox, M., Hammarlund, E. and Friberg, U. (1987) Cytotoxic effects of cobalt-chromium alloys on fibroblasts derived from human gingival. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 95, 356-363.
Jacobsen, N. and Hensten-Pettersen, A. (1989) Occupational health problems and adverse patient reactions in orthodontics. European Journal of Orthodontics, 11, 254-264.
Vahey, J.W., Simonian, P.T. and Conrad 3rd, E.U. (1995) Carcinogenicity and metallic implants. American Journal of Orthopedics, 24, 319-324.
Sun, Z.L., Wataha, J.C. and Hanks, C.T. (1997) Effects of metal ions on osteoblast-like cell metabolism and differentiation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 34, 29-37. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199701)34:1 3.0.CO;2-P
Grimsdottir, M.R. and Hensten-Pettersen, A. (1993) Cytotoxic and antibacterial effects of orthodontic appliances. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 101, 229-231.
Batista, A.C. (2001) Avalia??o da express?o da enzima óxido nítrico-sintase induzível (iNOS) em gengivites associadas à placa bacteriana e periodontites cr?nicas localizadas. Master’s Thesis, USP, Bauru.
Anhoury, P., Nathanson, D., Hughes, C.V., Socransky, S., Feres, M. and Chou, L.L. (2002) Microbial profile on metallic and ceramic bracket materials. Angle Orthodontist, 72, 338-343.
Dobbs, H.S. and Minski, M.J. (1980) Metal ion release after total hip replacement. Biomaterials, 1, 193-198. doi:10.1016/0142-9612(80)90016-2
Barret, R.D., Bishara, S.E. and Quinn, J.K. (1993) Biodegradation of orthodontic appliances. Part I. Biodegradation of nickel and chromium in vitro. American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, 103, 8-14. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(93)70098-9
Grímsdóttir, M.R., Hensten-Pettersen, A. and Kullmann, A. (1994) Proliferation of nickel-sensitive human lymphocytes by corrosion products of orthodontic appliances. Biomaterials, 15, 1157-1160. doi:10.1016/0142-9612(94)90236-4
Wataha, J.C., Malcolm, C.T. and Hanks, C.T. (1995) Correlation between cytotoxicity and the elements released by dental casting alloys. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 8, 9-14.
Staffolani, N., Damiani, F., Lilli, C., Guerra, M., Staffolani, N.J., Belcastro, S. and Locci, P. (1999) Ion release from orthodontic appliances. Journal of Dentistry, 27, 449-454. doi:10.1016/S0300-5712(98)00073-6
Eliades, T., Lekka, M., Eliades, G. and Brantley, W.A. (1994) Surface characterization of ceramic brackets: A multitechnique approach. American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, 105, 10-18. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70094-X
Locci, P., Marinucci, L., Lilli, C., Belcastro, S., Staffolani, N., Bellocchio, S., Damiani, F. and Becchetti, E. C. (2000) Biocompatibility of alloys used in orthodontics evaluated by cell culture tests. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 51, 561-568. doi:10.1002/1097-4636(20000915)51:4 3.0.CO;2-H
Sestini, S., Notarantonio, L., Cerboni, B., Alessandrini, C., Fimiani, M., Nannelli, P., Pelagalli, A. and Giorgetti, R. (2006) In vitro toxicity evaluation of silver soldering, electrical resistance, and laser welding of orthodontic wires. European Journal of Orthodontics, 28, 567-572. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjl048
Vitral, J.C., Fraga, M.R., de Souza, M.A., Ferreira, A.P. and Vitral, R.W. (2010) In-vitro study of the cellular viability and nitric oxide production by J774 macrophages with ceramic, polycarbonate, and polyoxymethylene brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, 137, 247-253. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.03.028
Vitral, J.C., Fraga, M.R., de Souza, M.A., Ferreira, A.P. and Vitral, R.W. (2010) In-vitro study of cellular viability and nitric oxide production by J774 macrophages stimulated by interferon gamma with ceramic, polycarbonate, and polyoxymethylene brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, 137, 665-670. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.07.017
Noble, J., Ahing, S.I., Karaiskos, N.E. and Wiltshire, W.A. (2008) Nickel allergy and orthodontics, a review and report of two cases. British Dental Journal, 204, 297-300. doi:10.1038/bdj.2008.198
Vreeburg, K.J., de Groot, K., Von Blomberg, M. and Scheper, R.J. (1984) Induction of immunological tolerance by oral administration of nickel and chromium. Journal of Dental Research, 63, 124-128. doi:10.1177/00220345840630020501
Van Hoogstraten, I.M., Andersen, K.E., Von Blomberg, B.M., Boden, D., Bruynzeel, D.P., Burrows, D., Camarasa, J.G., Dooms-Goossens, A., Kraal, G., Lahti, A., et al. (1991) Reduced frequency of nickel allergy upon oral nickel contact at an early age. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 85, 441-445. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05746.x
Van Hoogstraten, I.M., Boos, C., Boden, D., Von Blomberg, M.E., Scheper, R.J. and Kraal, G. (1993) Oral induction of tolerance to nickel sensitization in mice. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 101, 26-31. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12358502
Artik, S., Haarhuis, K., Wu, X., Begerow, J. and Gleichmann, E. (2001) Tolerance to nickel: Oral nickel administration induces a high frequency of anergic T cells with persistent suppressor activity. Journal of Immunology, 167, 6794-6803.
Mortz, C.G., Lauritsen, J.M., Bindslev-Jensen, C. and Andersen, K.E. (2002) Nickel sensitization in adolescents and asociation with ear piercing, use of dental braces and hand eczema. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 82, 359-364. doi:10.1080/000155502320624096
Hanks, C.T., Wataha, J.C. and Sun, Z. (1996) In vitro models of biocompatibility: A review. Dental Materials, 12, 186-193. doi:10.1016/S0109-5641(96)80020-0
Lohinai, Z.M. and Szabo, C. (1998) Role of nitric oxide in physiology and patophysioloy of periodontal tissues. Medical Science Monitor, 4, 1089-1095.
Matejka, M., Partyka, L., Ulm, C., Solar, P. and Sinzinger, H. (1998) Nitric oxide synthesis is increased in periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontal Research, 33, 517-518. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02352.x
Batista, A.C., Silva, T.A., Chun, J.H. and Lara, V.S. (2002) Nitric oxide synthesis and severity of human periodontal disease. Oral Diseases, 8, 254-260. doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.02852.x
Moncada, S., Palmer, R. M. and Higgs, E. A. (1991) Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacological Reviews, 43, 109-142.
Kr?ncke, K.D., Fehsel, K. and Kolb-Bachofen V., (1997) Nitric oxide: Cytotoxicity versus cytoprotection—How, why, when, and where? Nitric Oxide, 1, 107-120. doi:10.1006/niox.1997.0118
Kendall, H.K., Marshall, R.I. and Bartold, P.M. (2001) Nitric oxide and tissue destruction. Oral Disease, 7, 2-10. doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.70102.x
Wilson, A.P. (2000) Cytotoxicity and viability assays. In: Masters, J.R.W., Ed., Animal Cell Culture, Oxford University Press, New York, 175-219.
Mosmann, T. (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65, 55-63. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
Green, L.C., Wagner, D.A., Glogowski, J., Skipper, P.L., Wishnok, J.S. and Tannenbaum, S.R. (1982) Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Analytical Biochemistry, 126, 131-138. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(82)90118-X
Yao, D., Vlessidis, A.G. and Evmiridis, N.P. (2004) Determination of nitric oxide in biological samples. Microchimca Acta, 147, 1-20. doi:10.1007/s00604-004-0212-8
Wataha, J.C. (2001) Principles of biocompatibility for dental practitioners. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 86, 203-209. doi:10.1067/mpr.2001.117056
Schmalz, G. (2002) Materials science: Biological aspects. Journal of Dental Research, 81, 660-663. doi:10.1177/154405910208101001
Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H. and Pillai, S. (2007) Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6th Edition, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
Wiley, J.W. (2007) The many faces of nitric oxide: Cytotoxic, cytoprotective or both. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 19, 541-544. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00958.x
Rose, E.C., Jonas, I.E. and Kappert, H.F. (1998) In vitro investigation into the biological assessment of orthodontic wires. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthop?die, 59, 253-264. doi:10.1007/BF01321792