The paper deals with the review of acoustic emission technique in biomedical field. The re-view is done with the aim to provide an overview of the use of AE technique in biomedical field, mainly concentrated on the AE behavior of bone under different loading conditions, its depend-ence on strain rate, in osteoporosis, monitoring the fracture healing process of bone. The over-all conclusion from the review was that almost all the studies in bone indicated that the initial AE occurs only in the plastic region and just prior to yield. That means the use of AE tech-nique for clinical application cannot be consid-ered as a safe technique, but the early occur-rence of AE events from callus promises the application of AE technique for monitoring the fracture healing process. The negligible effect of soft tissues on AE response of bone prom-ises AE to become a non-invasive method for assessment of bone condition.
F. G. Evans, (1982) Bones and bones, Trans. of ASME, J. Biomechanical Engg., 104/1, 1-5.
W. C. Hayes, (1978) Biomechanical measurements of bone, in CRC Handbook on Engg., in Medicine and Biology, Section B. Instruments and Measurements, B. N. Feinberg and D. G. Fleming (eds.) CRC Press, Florida, 1, 333-372..
C. J. Singer, (1959) A short history of scientific ideas to 1900, Oxford University Press, New York..
J. M. Bourgery, (1832) Traite Complet de l’ Anatomie de l’ Homme. I. Osteologie, Paris..
F. O. Ward, (1838) Outlines of human osteology, London, 370..
G. H. Meyer, (1867.) Die Architektur der spongiosa, Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med., 34, 615-628..
K. K. Hulsen, (1896) Specific gravity, resilience and strength of bone, bull, Biol. Lab. St. Petersburg, 1, 7-35..
F. G. Evans, (1973) Mechanical properties of bone, Springfield, I. L..
C. O. Carothers, F. C. Smith, and P. Calabrisi, (1949) The elasticity and strength of some long bones of the human body, Nav. Med. Res. Inst. Rept. NM 001056.02.13..
F. G. Evans and M. Lebow, (1951) Regional differences in some of the physical properties of the human femur, J. Appl. Physiol., 3, 563-572..
F. G. Evans and M. Lebow, (1952) The strength of human bone as revealed by engineering techniques, Am. J. Surg., 83, 326..
F. G. Evans, (1964) Significant differences in the tensile strength of adult human compact bone, in Proceedings of the First European Bone and Tooth Symposium, H. J. J. Blackwood (ed.), Pergamon, Oxford, 319-381..
E. D. Sedlin and C. Hirsch, (1966) Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone, Acta. Othop. Scand., 37, 29-48..
E. D. Sedlin, (1965) A rheological model for cortical bone, Acta. Othop. Scand., 33, 5-77..
A. H. Burstein, J. D. Currey, V. H. Frankel, and D. T. Reilly, (1972) The ultimate properties of bone tissue: The effects of yielding, J. Biomechanics, 5, 35-44..
A. H. Burstein and V. H. Frankel, (1968) The viscoelastic properties of some biological materials, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 46, 158-165..
A. H. Burstein, V. H. Frankel, and D. T. Reilly, (1973) Failure characteristics of bone tissue, in Perspectives in Biomedical Engg, R. M. Kenedi, (ed.), University Park Press, London, 131-134..
A. H. Burstein, D. T. Reilly, and M. Marten, (1975) Aging of bone tissue: Mechanical properties, J. Bone J. Surg, 58, 82-86..
J. H. Mc Elhaney, (1966) Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue, J. Appl. Physiol., 21, pp. 1231-1236..
M. M. Panjabi, A. A. White, and W. O. Southwick, (1973) Mechanical properties of bone as a function of rate of deformation, J. Bone. J. Surg, 55(A), 322-330..
R. D. Crowinshield and M. H. Pope, (1974) The response of compact bone in tension at various strain rates, Ann. Biomed.Engg., 2, 217-225..
T. M. Wright and W. C. Hayes, (1976) Tensile testing of bone over a wide range of strain rates: effects of strain rate, Microstructure and Density, Med. Biol. Engg., 14, 671-680..
S. B. Lang, (1970) Ultrasonic method for measuring elastic coefficients of bone and results on fresh and dried bovine bones, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engg., 17, 101-105..
H. S. Yoon and J. L. Katz, (1976) Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone: I, Theoretical Considerations for Hexagonal Symmetry, J. Biomechanics, 9, 407-412..
H. S. Yoon and J. L. Katz, (1976) Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone: II, Measurements of Elastic Properties and Micro hardness, J. Biomechanics, 9, 459-464..
R. B. Ashman, J. D. Corin, and C. H. Turner, (1987) Elastic properties of cancellous bone: measurement by an ultrasonic technique, J. Biomech, 20(10), 979-986..
E. Lachmann and M. Whelan, (1936) The roentgen diagnosis of osteoporosis and its limitations, Radiology, 26, 165-177..
E. Lachmann, (1955) Osteoporosis: The potentialities and limitations of its roentgenologic diagnosis, Amer. J. Roentgenology, 74, 712-715, .
I. I. H. Chen and S. Saha, (1987) Wave propagation characteristics in long bones to diagnose osteoporosis, J. Biomech., 20(5), 523-527..
F. Y. Wong, S. Pal, and S. Saha, (1983) The assessment of in vivo bone condition in humans by impact response measurement, J. Biomech., 16(10), 849-856..
L. L. Stern and J. Yageya, (1980) Bioelectric potentials after fracture of tibia in rats, Acta Orthop. Scand., 51, 601-608..
S. Saha and R. R. Pelker, (1976) Measurement of fracture healing by the use of stress waves, 22nd Annual ORS, New Orleans, Louisiana..
D. A. Sonstegard and L. S. Mathews, (1976) Sonic diagnosis of bone fracture healing-A preliminary study, J. Biomech. 9, 689-694..
N. Guzelsu and S. Saha, (1981) Electromechanical wave propagation in long bones, J. Biomech., 14, 19-33. G. T. Anast, M. S. Fields, and Siegel, (1958) .Ultrasonic technique for the evaluation of bone fracture, Amer. J. Physical. Med., 37, 157-159..
S. Saha, V. V. Rao, V. Malakanok, B. D. Gross, and J. A. Albright, (1982) Ultrasonic evaluation of fracture healing, Transactions of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society, ORS, Chicago, 259..
O. O. A. Oni, A. Graebe, M. Parse, and P. J. Gregg, (1989) Prediction of the healing potential of closed adult tibia shaft fractures by bone scientigraphy, Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, 239-245..
S. M. Bentzen, I. Hivid, and J. Jorgensen, (1987) Mechanical strength of tibial trabecular bone evaluated by X-ray computed tomography, J. Biomech., 20, 743-752..
T. Sekiguchi and T. Hirayama, (1979) Assessment of fracture healing by vibration, Acta Orthop.Scand., 50, 391-398..
R. J. Donarski, (1989) Bone Fracture measurement using mechanical vibration, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK..
R. Prakash, (1980) Non destructive testing of composites, Composites, 10, 217-224..
J. Kaiser, (1950) Untersuchungen uber das auftreten gereausen bein Zugersuch, Ph. D. Thesis, Technische Hutchshule, Munich..
A. A. Pollock, (1979) An introduction to acoustic emission and a practical example, J. Environmental Sciences, March/April, 1-4..
S. Radhakrishnan, (1992) The assessment of bone condition by acoustic emission and acousto-ultrasonic techniques. Ph. D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University..
S. Hanagud, R. G. Clinton, and J. P. Lopez, (1973) Acoustic emission in bone substance, Proceedings of Biomechanics Symposium of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME, New York, 74..
I. V. Knet-s, U. E. Krauya, and Y. K. Vilks, (1975) Acoustic emission in human bone tissue upon lengthwise stretching, Mekh. Polim, 4, 685-690..
U. E. Kruya and Y. A. Lyakh, (1978) Acoustic emission in human bone tissue, Mekh. Polim., 1, 109-112..
A. Peters, (1982) Acoustic emission technique and fracture healing, Med. Biol. Engng. Comput, 20, 8..
T. M. Wright and J. M. Carr, (1983) Soft tissue attenuation of acoustic emission pulses, Trans. of ASME J. Biomech. Engg, 105(1), 21-23..
S. Hanagud, G. T. Hannon, and R. G. Clinton, (1974) Acoustic emission and diagnosis of osteoporosis, Proceedings of Ultrasonics Sym., 77-80..
R. A. Thomas, H. S. Yoon, and J. L. Katz, (1977) Acoustic emission from fresh bovine femora, Proceedings of Ultrasonics Symp. IEEE Cat.No. TICH12G4-ISU, 237-240..
H. S. Yoon, B. R. Caraco, and J. L. Katz, (1980) Further studies on the acoustic emission of fresh animal bone, IEEE Trans. Sonics, Ultrasonic, SU-27, 160..
P. Netz, (1979) The diaphyseal bone under torgue, Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl., 176, 1-31..
T. M. Wright, F. Booburgh, and A. H. Burstein, (1981) Permanent deformation of compact bone monitored by acoustic emission, J. Bomech, 14, 405-409..
R. A. Fischer, S. W. Arms, M. H. Pope, and D. Seligson, (1986) Analysis of the effect of using two different strain rates on the acoustic emission in bone, J. Biomech., 19(2), 119-127..
P. J. Nicholls and E. Berg, (1981) Acoustic emission properties of callus, Med. Biol. Engg. Comput, 19, 416-418..
S. Hanagud, R. G. Clinton, M. D. Chouinard, E. Berg, and P. J. Nicholls, (1977) Soft tissues and acoustic emission based diagnostic tools, 1977 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, IEEE CAT. No. 77CH1264-ISU, 242-245..
M. Martens, R. van Audekercke, P. de Meester, J. C. Mulier, (1986) Mechanical behaviour of femoral bones in bending loading, Journal of Biomechanics, 19(6), 443-454..
K. Ono, (1979) Fundamentals of acoustic emission, Los Angeles (CA), UCLA, 167-207..
K. Stromsoe, A. Hoiseth, A. Alho, and W. L. Kok, (1995) Bending strength of the femur in relation to non-invasive bone mineral assessment, Journal of Biomechanics, 28(7), 857-861..
B. C. Lentle, Diagnosis of osteoporosis using acoustic emission, The University of British Columbia, Patent no A61B8/08, 1999..
J. G. Wells, (1985) Acoustic emission and mechanical properties of trabecular bone, Biomaterials, 6, 218-24..
I. Leguerney, K. Raum, A. Saied, H. Follet, G. Boivin, and P. Laugier, (2003) Evaluation of human trabecular bone properties by scanning acoustic microscopy, J. Bone Min. Res., 18, S187..
R. M. Rajachar, D. L. Chow, C. E. Curtis, N. A. Weissman, and D. H. Kohn, (1999) Use of acoustic emission to characterize focal and diffuse micro damage in bone, in: Acoustic Emissions: Standards and Technology Update, West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 3-19..
Y. Watanabe, S. Takai, Y. Arai, N. Yoshino, and Y. Hirasawa, (2001) Prediction of mechanical properties of healing fractures using acoustic emission, Journal of Orthopedic Research, 19, 548-553..
S. C. K. Kevin, H. Xiaolin, C. Y. C. Jack, and H. E. John, (2003) Acoustic transmission in normal human hips: Structural testing of joint symmetry, Medical Engineering & Physics, 25(10), 811-816..
S. Bumrerraj and J. L. Katz, (2001) Scanning acoustic microscopy study of human cortical and trabecular bone, Ann. Biomed. Engg, 29(12), 1034-1042..
I. Eckardt and H. J. Hein, (2001) Quantitative measurements of the mechanical properties of human bone tissues by scanning acoustic microscopy, Ann. Biomed. Engg., 29(12), 1043-1047..
Y. Xia, W. Lin, E. Mittra, B. Demes, B. Gruber, C. Rubin, and Y. Qin, (2003) Performance of a confocal acoustic mapping in characterization of trabecular bone quality in human calcaneus, J. Bone Min. Res, 18, S209..
L. Cardoso, F. Teboul, L. Sedel, C. Oddou, and A. Meunier, (2003) In vitro acoustic waves propagation inhuman and bovine cancellous bone, J. Bone Min. Res, 18(10), 1803-1812..
A. Ozan, (2005) Acoustic emission based surveillance system for prediction of stress fractures, Ph. D. Nicholas Wasserman, The University of Toledo Annual report..
M. Browne, A. Roques, and A. Taylor, The acoustic emission technique in orthopaedics-a review, J. Strain Analysis, 40(1)..
R. P. Franke, P. D?rner , H.-J. Schwalbe, and B. Ziegler, (2004) Acoustic emission measurement system for the orthopedical diagnostics of the human femur and knee joint, University of Ulm, Dept. of Biomaterials, Ulm, Germany, Bad Griessbach, Germany, University of Applied Science Giessen, Giessen, Germany..
A. Tatarinov, S. Noune, and S. Armen, (2005) Use of multiple acoustic wave modes for assessment of long bones: Model study, Journal of Ultrasonics, 43, 672-680..
V. R. Singh, (1989) Acoustical imaging techniques for bone studies, Applied Acoustics, 27, 119-128..
A. Alizad, M. Walch, J. F. Greenleaf, and M. Fatemi (2006) Vibrational characteristics of bone fracture and fracture repair: application to excised rat femur, Journal of Bio Medical Engineering, Trans ASME, 128..
D. Bose, K. Bhalla, C. D. Untaroju, B. J. Ivarsson, and J. R. Crandall, (2008) Injury tolerance and moment response of knee joint to combined valgus brnding and shear loading, Journal of BioMedical Engineering, 130..
E. K. Tschegg, S. Herndler, P. Weninger, M. Jamek, S. Stanzl- Tschegg, H. Redl, (2008) Stiffness analysis of tibia implant system cylical loading, Material Science and Engineering C, 28, 1203-1208..