It is shown that modulation of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) volume after application of different physical factors in body contouring procedures cannot be characterized by a single physiological reaction with dispersed reaction times, supposing that several different dynamic processes with different characteristic reaction times must be involved. Quick modulation of sWAT with characteristic times of 10 3 - 10 5 s must be connected with such processes as hyaluronan production and consequent water retention in the tissue, as well as with reversible modulation of its mechanical properties. It is supposed that slow processes with characteristic times of up to 3 × 10 6 s can be caused by modulation of lipolytic activity of adipocytes through changesin their micro-environment or through their transdifferentiation, as well as through death and removal of adipocytes from sWAT.
Spalding, K.L., Arner, E., Westermark, P. O., Bernard, S., Buchholz, B. A., Bergmann, O., Blomqvist, L., Hoffstedt, J., Naslund, E., Britton, T., Concha, H., Hassan, M., Ryden, M., Frisen, J. and Arner, P. (2008) Dynamics of Fat Cell Turnover in Humans. Nature, 453, 783-787. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/nature06902
Arner, E., Westermark, P., Spalding, K.L., Britton, T., Ryden, M., Frisen, J., Bernard, S. and Arner, P. (2010) Adipocyte Turnover: Relevance to Human Adipose Tissue Morphology. Diabetes, 59, 105-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db09-0942
Kruglikov, I.L. (2012) Biophysical Basics of Body Treatments. Is Hyaluronan a Link That Has Gone Unnoticed? The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 29, 121-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5992/AJCS-D-12-00004.1
Comley, K. and Fleck, N.A. (2010) A Micromechanical Model for the Young’s Modulus of Adipose Tissue. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 47, 2982-2990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. ijsolstr.2010.07.001
Comley, K. and Fleck, N.A. (2010) The Toughness of Adipose Tissue: Measurements and Physical Basis. Journal of Biomechanics, 43, 1823-1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.02.029
Geerligs, M., Peters, G.W.M., Ackermans, P.A.J., Oomens, C.W.J. and Baaijens, F.P.T. (2008) Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue. Biorheology, 45, 677-688.
Geerligs, M., Peters, G.W.M., Ackermans, P.A.J., Oomens, C.W.J. and Baaijens, F.P.T. (2010) Does Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Behave as an (Anti-)thixotropic Material? Journal of Biomechanics, 43, 1153-1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.11.037
Han, C.Y., Subramanian, S., Chan, C.K., Omer, M., Chiba, T., Wight, T.N. and Chait, A. (2007) Adipocyte-Derived Serum Amyloid A3 and Hyaluronan Play a Role in Monocyte Recruitment and Adhesion. Diabetes, 56, 2260-2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db07-0218
Kang, L., Lantier, L., Kennedy, A.J., Bonner, J.S., Mayes, W.H., Bracy, D.P., Bookbinder, L.H., Hasty, A.H., Thompson, C.B. and Wasserman, D.H. (2013) Hyaluronan Accumulates with High Fat Feeding and Contributes to Insulin Resistance. Diabetes, 62, 1888-1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db12-1502
Khan, T., Muise, E.S., Iyengar, P., Wang, Z.V., Chandalia, M., Abate, N., Zhang, B.B., Bonaldo, P., Chua, S. and Scherer, P.E. (2009) Metabolic Dysregulation and Adipose Tissue Fibrosis: Role of Collagen VI. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29, 1575-1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01300-08
Kruglikov, I.L. (2012) The Pathophysiology of Cellulite: Can the Puzzle Eventually Be Solved? Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 2, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcdsa.2012. 21001
Rosenwald, M., Perdikari, A., Rülicke, T. and Wolfrum, C. (2013) Bi-Directional Interconversion of Brite and White Adipocytes. Nature Cell Biology, 15, 659-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2740
Wang, Q.A., Tao, C., Gupta, R.K. and Scherer, P.E. (2013) Tracking AdipogenesisDuring White Adipose Tissue Development, Expansion and Regeneration. Nature Cell Biology, 19, 1338-1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3324
Kruglikov, I.L. (2012) Biophysical Basics of Body Treatments: A Preliminary Study into the Correlation between Washout and Circumference Reduction. The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 29, 196-202.
Kruglikov, I.L. (2013) Neocollagenesis in Non-Invasive Aesthetic Treatments. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 3, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcdsa.2013.31A001
Wegrowski, Y. (1993) Effect of Hyperthermia on the Extracellular Matrix. I. Heat Enhances Hyaluronan and Inhibits Sulphated Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. FEBS Letters, 334, 121-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)81695-V
Ceperuelo-Mallafre, V., Miranda, M., Chacon, M.R., Vilarrasa, N., Megia, A., Gutierrez, C., Fernandez-Real, J.M., Gomez, J.M., Caubet, E., Frühbeck, G. and Vendrell, J. (2007) Adipose Tissue Expression of the Glycerol Channel Aquaporin-7 Gene Is Altered in Severe Obesity but Not in Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92, 3640-3645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0531
Prudente, S., Flex, E., Morini, E., Turchi, F., Capponi, D., De Cosmo, S., Tassi, V., Guida, V., Avogaro, A., Folli, F., Maiami, F., Frittitta, L., Dallapiccola, B. and Trischitta, V. (2007) A Functional Variant of the Adipocyte Glycerol Channel Aquaporin 7 Gene Is Associated With Obesity and Related Metabolic Abnormalities. Diabetes, 56, 1468-1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db06-1389
Xu, C., He, J., Jiang, H., Zu, L., Zhai, W., Pu, S. and G. Xu, (2009) Direct Effect of Glucocorticoids on Lipolysis in Adipocytes. Molecular Endocrinology, 23, 1161-1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2008-0464
Peckett, A.J., Wright, D.C. and Riddell, M.C. (2011) The Effects of Glucocorticoids on Adipose Tissue Lipid Metabolism. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 60, 1500-1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. metabol.2011.06.012
Campbell, J.E., Peckett, A.J., D’souza, A.M., Hawke, T.J. and Riddell, M.C. (2011) Adipogenic and Lipolytic Effects of Chronic Glucocorticoid Exposure. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 300, C198-C209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00045.2010
Kaya, G. and Saurat, J.H. (2007) Dermatoporosis: A Chronic Cutaneous Insufficiency/Fragility Syndrome. Clinicopathological Features, Mechanisms, Preventation and Potential Treatments. Dermatology, 215, 284-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000107621
Schoepe, S., Schacke, H., May, E. and Asadullah, K. (2006) Glucocorticoid Therapy-Induced Skin Atrophy. Experimental Dermatology, 15, 406-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-6705.2006.004 35.x
Kaya, G., Tran, C., Sorg, O., Hotz, R., Grand, D., Carraux, P., Didierjean, L., Stamenkovic, I. and Saurat, J.-H. (2006) Hyaluronate Fragments Reserve Skin Atrophy by CD44-Dependent Mechanism. PLoS Medicine, 3, e493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030493
Zhang, W., Watson, C.E., Liu, C., Williams, K.J. and Werth, V.P. (2000) Glucocorticoids Induce a Near-Total Suppression of Hyaluronan Synthase mRNA in Dermal Fibroblasts and in Osteoblasts: A Molecular Mechanism Contributing to Organ Atrophy. Biochemical Journal, 349, 91-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/0264-6021:3490091
Gebhardt, C., Averbeck, M., Diedenhofen, N., Willenberg, A., Anderegg, U., Sleeman, J.P. and Simon, J. (2010) Dermal Hyaluronan Is Rapidly Reduced by Topical Treatment with Glucocorticoids. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 130, 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.210
Tchoukalova, Y.D., Koutsari, C., Karpyak, M.V., Votruba, S.B., Wendland, E. and Jensen, M.D. (2008) Subcutaneous Adipocytes Size and Body Fat Distribution. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87, 56-63.
Wilkinson, T.S., Potter-Perigo, S., Tsoi, C., Altman, L.C. and Wight, T.N. (2004) Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Factors Cooperate to Control Hyaluronan Synthesis in Lung Fibroblasts. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 31, 92-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2003-0380OC
Stern, R., Asari, A.A. and Sugahara, K.N. (2006) Hyaluronan Fragments: An Information-Rich System. European Journal of Cell Biology, 85, 699-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.05.009
Divoux, A., Tordjman, J., Lacasa, D., Veyrie, N., Hugol, D., Aissat, A., Basdevant, A., Guerre-Millo, M., Poitou, C., Zucker, J.-D., Bedossa, P. and Clement, K. (2010) Fibrosis in Human Adipose Tissue: Composition, Distribution, and Link with Lipid Metabolism and Fat Mass Loss. Diabetes, 59, 2817-2825. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db10-0585
Cinti, S., Mitchell, G., Barbatelli, G., Murano, I., Ceresi, E., Faloia, E., Wang, S., Fortier, M., Greenberg, A.S. and Obin, M.S. (2005) Adipocyte Death Defines Macrophage Localization and Function in Adipose Tissue to Obese Mice and Humans. Journal of Lipid Research, 46, 2347-2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200
Pajvani, U.B., Trujillo, M.E., Combs, T.P., Iyengar, P., Jelicks, L., Roth, K.A., Kitsis, R.N. and Scherer, P.E. (2005) Fat Apoptosis through Targeted Activation of Caspase 8: A New Mouse Model of Inducible and Reversible Lipoatrophy. Nature Medicine, 11, 797-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ nm1262
Sun, K., Kusminski, C.M. and Scherer, P.E. (2011) Adipose Tissue Remodelling and Obesity. The Journal of Clinical Investigations, 121, 2094-2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI45887
Franco, W., Kothare, A., Ronan, S.J., Grekin, R.C. and McCalmont, T.H. (2010) Hyperthermic Injury to Adipocyte Cells by Selective Heating of Subcutaneous Fat with a Novel Radiofrequency Device: Feasibility Studies. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 42, 361-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm. 20925
Vitali, A., Murano, I., Zingaretti, M.C., Frontini, A., Ricquier, D. and Cinti, S. (2012) The Adipose Organ of Obesity-Prone C57BL/6J Mice Is Composed of Mixed White and Brown Adipocytes. Journal of Lipid Research, 53, 619-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M018846
Harms, M. and Seale, P. (2013) Brown and Beige Fat: Development, Function and Therapeutic Potential. Nature Medicine, 19, 1252-1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3361
Bonet, M.L., Oliver, P. and Palou, A. (2012) Pharmacological and Nutritional Agents Promoting Browning of White Adipose Tissue. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1831, 969-985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.002
Kruglikov, I.L. (2013) Is the Depletion of Hyaluronan in Hypertrophic Fat Tissue a Key Event in Body-Contouring Procedures? The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 30, 244-245.
Kruglikov, I.L. (2013) Kontroversen in der ?sthetischen Medizin. 7. Kryolipolyse—Apoptose vs. Thermogenese. Kosmetische Medizin, 34, 202-207.