It is an ongoing task to keep exploring and applying the best available technology to alleviate the pain and sufferings of the cancer patients. Since the discovery of robotic surgery, da Vinci surgical systems have played a special and significant role in cancer surgeries worldwide, however, surgeons are still skeptical with the clinical and oncological outcomes which are almost comparable to the laparoscopic approach in several cancers. Many meta-analyses using mostly retrospective studies indicated significant advantage of robotic surgery over laparoscopic or open surgery approaches for various cancers, however, scarcity of technically sound robot savvy surgeons and quality multicentered, multinational, coordinated, random clinical trials had not done justice to the positives of robotic surgery which were quite often suppressed by the negative factors like operative cost and oncological outcomes. Nevertheless, robotic surgery approach has been clinically accepted for hysterectomy and prostatectomy. This overview briefly discusses the comparative approaches (open, laparoscopic, robotic assisted) and their clinical outcomes in the surgery of various cancers.
Kwoh, Y.S., Hou, J., Jonckheere, E.A. and Hayati, S.A. (1988) Robot with Improved Absolute Positioning Accuracy for CT Guided Stereotactic Brain Surgery. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 35, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.1354
Davies, B.L., Hibberd, R.D., Ng, W.S., Timoney, A.G. and Wickham, J.E.A. (1991) The Development of a Surgeon Robot for Prostatectomies. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 205, 35-38. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1991_205_259_02
Bargar, W.L. (2007) Robots in Orthopaedic Surgery: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 463, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1097/BLO.0b013e318146874f
Lane, T. (2018) A Short History of Robotic Surgery. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 100, 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.supp1.5
Satava, R.M. (2002) Surgical Robotics: The Early Chronicles: A Personal Historical Perspective. Surg. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 12, 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129689-200202000-00002
Bellamy, R.F., Zajtchuk, R., Buescher, T.M., et al. (1991) Part I: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty: Conventional Warfare: Ballistic, Blast, and Burn Injuries. Vol. 5, Office of the Surgeon General Department of the Army, Washington DC.
Zajtchuk, R, and Grande, C. (1995) Part IV: Surgical Combat Casualty Care: Anesthesia and Perioperative Care of the Combat Casualty. Vol. 1, Office of the Surgeon General Department of the Army, Washington DC.
Felger, J.E., Nifong, L. and Chitwood, W.R. (2002) The Evolution of an Early Experience with Robot-Assisted Mitral Valve Surgery. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 12, 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129689-200202000-00010
George, E.I., Brand, T.C., La Porta, A., Marescaux, J. and Satava, R.M. (2018) Origins of Robotic Surgery: From Skepticism to Standard of Care. Journal of the Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons, 22, e2018. https://dx.doi.org/10.4293%2FJSLS.2018.00039
Ranev, D. and Teixeira, J. (2020) History of Computer-Assisted Surgery. Surgical Clinics of North America, 100, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2019.11.001
Madhani, A.J., Niemeyer, G. and Salisbury, J.K. (1998) The Black Falcon: A Teleoperated Surgical Instrument for Minimally Invasive Surgery. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Innovations in Theory, Practice and Applications, Vol. 2, Victoria, 17 October 1998, 936-944.
Salisbury Jr., J.K. (1995) Look and Feel: Haptic Interaction for Biomedicine. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts.
Crew, B. (2020) Worth the Cost? A Closer Look at the da Vinci Robot’s Impact on Prostate Cancer Surgery. Nature, 580, S5-S7. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01037-w
Gala, R.B., Margulies, R., Steinberg, A., Murphy, M., Lukban, J., Jeppson, P., et al. (2014) Systematic Review of Robotic Surgery in Gynecology: Robotic Techniques Compared with Laparoscopy and Laparotomy. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, 21, 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2013.11.010
Intuitive Surgical Inc. (2001) United States Securities and Exchange Commission Form 10-K. Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale.
Demmy, T.L and Curtis, J.J. (1999) Minimally Invasive Lobectomy Directed toward Frail and High-Risk Patients a Case-Control Study. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 68, 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00467-1
Nakata, M., Saeki, H., Yokoyama, N., Kurita, A., Takiyama, W. and Takashima, S. (2000) Pulmonary Function after Lobectomy Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery versus Thoracotomy. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 70, 938-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01513-7
Yim, A.P., Wan, S., Lee, T.W. and Arifi, A.A. (2000) VATS Lobectomy Reduces Cytokine Responses Compared with Conventional Surgery. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 70, 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01258-3
Hoksch, B., Ablassmaier, B., Walter, M. and Muller, J.M. (2003) Complication Rate after Thoracoscopic and Conventional Lobectomy. Zentralblatt Fur Chirurgie, 128, 106-110. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37763
Li, W.W., Lee, R.L., Lee, T.W., Ng, C.S., Sihoe, A.D., Wan, I.Y., et al. (2003) The Impact of Thoracic Surgical Access on Early Shoulder Function: Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery versus Posterolateral Thoracotomy. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 23, 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1010-7940(02)00795-9
Nomori, H., Ohtsuka, T., Horio, H., Naruke, T. and Suemasu, K. (2003) Difference in the Impairment of Vital Capacity and 6-Minute Walking after a Lobectomy Performed by Thoracoscopic Surgery, an Anterior Limited Thoracotomy, an Anteroaxillary Thoracotomy, and a Posterolateral Thoracotomy. Surgery Today, 33, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005950300001
Seder, C.W., Salati, M., Kozower, B.D., Wright, C.D., Falcoz, P.E., Brunelli, A., et al. (2016) Variation in Pulmonary Resection Practices between the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Databases. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 101, 2077-2084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.12.073
McKenna Jr., R.J., Wolf, R.K., Brenner, M., Fischel, R.J. and Wurnig, P. (1998) Is Lobectomy by Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery an Adequate Cancer Operation? The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 66, 1903-1908. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(98)01166-7
Leschber, G. and Holinka, G. and Linder, A. (2003) Video-Assisted Mediastinoscopic Lymphadenectomy (VAMLA)—A Method for Systematic Mediastinal Lymphnode Dissection. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 24, 192-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-7940(03)00253-7
Park, B.J., Flores, R.M. and Rusch, V.W. (2006) Robotic Assistance for Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgical Lobectomy: Technique and Initial Results. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 131, 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.07.031
Melfi, F.M. and Mussi, A. (2008) Robotically Assisted Lobectomy: Learning Curve and Complications. Thoracic Surgery Clinics, 18, 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thorsurg.2008.06.001
Giulianotti, P.C., Buchs, N.C., Caravaglios, G. and Bianco, F.M. (2010) Robot-Assisted Lung Resection: Outcomes and Technical Details. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, 11, 388-392. https://doi.org/10.1510/icvts.2010.239541
Veronesi, G., Galetta, D., Maisonneuve, P., Melfi, F., Schmid, R.A., Borri, A., et al. (2010) Four-Arm Robotic Lobectomy for the Treatment of Early-Stage Lung Cancer. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 140, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.10.025
Cerfolio, R.J., Bryant, A.S., Skylizard, L. and Minnich, D.J. (2011) Initial Consecutive Experience of Completely Portal Robotic Pulmonary Resection with 4 Arms. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 142, 740-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.07.022
Dylewski, M.R., Ohaeto, A.C. and Pereira, J.F. (2011) Pulmonary Resection Using a Total Endoscopic Robotic Video-Assisted Approach. Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 23, 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semtcvs.2011.01.005
Louie, B.E., Farivar, A.S., Aye, R.W. and Vallières, E. (2012) Early Experience with Robotic Lung Resection Results in Similar Operative Outcomes and Morbidity When Compared with Matched Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Cases. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 93, 1598-1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.01.067
Abbas, A.E. (2018) Surgical Management of Lung Cancer: History, Evolution, and Modern Advances. Current Oncology Reports, 20, Article No. 98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-018-0741-7
Park, B.J., Melfi, F., Mussi, A., Maisonneuve, P., Spaggiari, L., Da Silva, R.K., et al. (2012) Robotic Lobectomy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Long-Term Oncologic Results. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 143, 383-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.055
Muhe, E. (1992) Long-Term Follow-Up after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Endoscopy, 24, 754-758. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1009119
Litynski, G.S. (1999) Mouret, Dubois, and Perissat: The Laparoscopic Breakthrough in Europe (1987-1988). Journal of the Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons, 3, 163-167.
Hu, L.D., Yao, L., Li, X.F., Jin, P.H., Yang, K.H. and Guo, T.K. (2018) Effectiveness and Safety of Robotic-Assisted versus Laparoscopic Hepatectomy for Liver Neoplasms: A Meta-Analysis of Retrospective Studies. Asian Journal of Surgery, 41, 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2017.07.001
Fahrner, R., Rauchfuβ, F., Bauschke, A., Kissler, H., Settmacher, U. and Zanow, J. (2019) Robotic Hepatic Surgery in Malignancy: Review of the Current Literature. Journal of Robotic Surgery, 13, 533-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-019-00939-w
Lafaro, K.J., Stewart, C., Fong, A. and Fong, Y. (2020) Robotic Liver Resection. Surgical Clinics of North America, 100, 265-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2019.11.003
Tsilimigras, D.I., Moris, D., Vagios, S., Merath, K. and Pawlik, T.M. (2018) Safety and Oncologic Outcomes of Robotic Liver Resections: A Systematic Review. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 117, 1517-1530. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25018
Melstrom, L.G., Warner, S.G., Woo, Y., Sun, V., Lee, B., Singh, G. and Fong, Y. (2018) Selecting Incision-Dominant Cases for Robotic Liver Resection: Towards Outpatient Hepatectomy with Rapid Recovery. Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition, 7, 77-84. https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn.2017.05.05
Nota, C.L., Woo, Y., Raoof, M., Boerner, T., Molenaar, I.Q., Choi, G.H., et al. (2019) Robotic versus Open Minor Liver Resections of the Posterosuperior Segments: A Multinational, Propensity Score-Matched Study. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 26, 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-018-6928-1
Khan, S., Beard, R.E., Kingham, P.T., Fong, Y., Boerner, T., Martinie, J.B., et al. (2018) Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes following Robotic Liver Resections for Primary Hepatobiliary Malignancies: A Multicenter Study. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 25, 2652-2660. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-018-6629-9
Guan, R.Y., Chen, Y.J., Yang, K., Ma, D., Gong, X.Y., Shen, B.Y., et al. (2019) Clinical Efficacy of Robot-Assisted versus Laparoscopic Liver Resection: A Meta-Analysis. Asian Journal of Surgery, 42, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2018.05.008
Fruscione, M., Pickens, R., Baker, E.H., Cochran, A., Khan, A., Ocuin, L., et al. (2019) Robotic-Assisted versus Laparoscopic Major Liver Resection: Analysis of Outcomes from a Single Center. HPB (Oxford), 21, 906-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2018.11.011
Cooperman, A., Katz, V., Zimmon, D. and Botero, G. (1991) Laparoscopic Colon resection: A Case Report. Journal of Laparoendoscopic Surgery, 1, 221-224. https://doi.org/10.1089/lps.1991.1.221
Jacobs, M., Verdeja, J. and Goldstein, H. (1991) Minimally Invasive Colon Resection (Laparoscopic Colectomy). Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 1, 144-150.
Fowler, D. and White, S. (1991) Laparoscopy-Assisted Sigmoid Resection. Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 1, 183-188.
Lacy, A.M., García-Valdecasas, J.C., Delgado, S., Castells, A., Taurá, P., Piqué, J.M., et al. (2002) Laparoscopy-Assisted Colectomy versus Open Colectomy for Treatment of Non-Metastatic Colon Cancer: A Randomized Trial. Lancet, 359, 2224-2229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09290-5
Abraham, N.S., Young, J.M. and Solomon, M.J. (2004) Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Outcomes after Laparoscopic Resection for Colorectal Cancer. British Journal of Surgery, 91, 1111-1124. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.4640
Braga, M., Frasson, M., Zuliani, W., Vignali, A., Pecorelli, N. and Di Carlo, V. (2010) Randomized Clinical Trial of Laparoscopic versus Open Left Colonic Resection. British Journal of Surgery, 97, 1180-1186. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7094
Marusch, F., Gastinger, I., Schneider, C., Scheidbach, H., Konradt, J., Bruch, H.P., et al. (2001) Importance of Conversion for Results Obtained with Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 44, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02234294
Hewett, P.J., Allardyce, R.A., Bagshaw, P.F., Frampton, C.M., Frizelle, F.A., Rieger, N.A., et al. (2008) Short-Term Outcomes of the Austral-Asian Randomized Clinical Study Comparing Laparoscopic and Conventional Open Surgical Treatments for Colon Cancer: The ALCCaS Trial. Annals of Surgery, 248, 728-738. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818b7595
Bagshaw, P.F., Allardyce, R.A., Frampton, C.M., Frizelle, F.A., Hewett, P.J., McMurrick, P.J., et al, (2012) Long-Term Outcomes of the Australasian Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Laparoscopic and Conventional Open Surgical Treatments for Colon Cancer: The Australasian Laparoscopic Colon Cancer Study Trial. Annals of Surgery, 256, 915-919. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182765ff8
McCombie, A.M., Frizelle, F., Bagshaw, P.F., Frampton, C.M., Hewett, P.J., McMurrick, P.J., et al. (2018) The ALCCaS Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Quality of Life Following Laparoscopic versus Open Colectomy for Colon Cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 61, 1156-1162. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000001165
Polat, F., Willems, L.H., Dogan, K. and Rosman, C. (2019) The Oncological and Surgical Safety of Robot-Assisted Surgery in Colorectal Cancer: Outcomes of a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study. Surgical Endoscopy, 33, 3644-3655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-06653-2
Kang, J., Park, Y.A., Baik, S.H., Sohn, S.K. and Lee, K.Y. (2016) A Comparison of Open, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Surgery in the Treatment of Right-Sided Colon Cancer. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 26, 497-502. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000000331
Matsuyama, T., Kinugasa, Y., Nakajima, Y. and Kojima, K. (2018) Robotic-Assisted Surgery for Rectal Cancer: Current State and Future Perspective. Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery, 2, 406-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/ags3.12202
Fung, A., Trabulsi, N., Morris, M., Garfinkle, R., Saleem, A., Wexner, S.D., et al. (2017) Laparoscopic Colorectal Cancer Resections in the Obese: A Systematic Review. Surgical Endoscopy, 31, 2072-2088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5209-y
Hellan, M., Ouellette, J., Lagares-Garcia, J.A., Rauh, S.M. and Kennedy, H.L., Nicholson, J.D., et al. (2015) Robotic Rectal Cancer Resection: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 22, 2151-2158. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-4278-1
Gorgun, E., Ozben, V., Costedio, M., Stocchi, L., Kalady, M. and Remzi, F. (2016) Robotic versus Conventional Laparoscopic Rectal Cancer Surgery in Obese Patients. Colorectal Disease, 18, 1063-1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.13374
Shiomi, A., Kinugasa, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Kagawa, H. and Yamakawa, Y. (2016) Robot-Assisted versus Laparoscopic Surgery for Lower Rectal Cancer: The Impact of Visceral Obesity on Surgical Outcomes. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 31, 1701-1710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-016-2653-z
Baukloh, J.K., Reeh, M., Spinoglio, G., Corratti, A., Bartolini, I., Mirasolo, V.M., et al. (2017) Evaluation of the Robotic Approach Concerning Pitfalls in Rectal Surgery. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 43, 1304-1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.12.014
Bayraktar, O., Aytac, E., Ozben, V., Atasoy, D., Bilgin, I.A., Bayraktar, I.E., et al. (2018) Does Robot Overcome Obesity-Related Limitations of Minimally Invasive Rectal Surgery for Cancer? Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 28, e8-e11. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000000500
Panteleimonitis, S., Pickering, O., Abbas, H., Harper, M., Kandala, N., Figueiredo, N., et al. (2018) Robotic Rectal Cancer Surgery in Obese Patients May Lead to Better Short-Term Outcomes When Compared to Laparoscopy: A Comparative Propensity Scored Match Study. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 33, 1079-1086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-3030-x
Luca, F., Valvo, M., Ghezzi, T.L., Zuccaro, M., Cenciarelli, S., Trovato, C., et al. (2013) Impact of Robotic Surgery on Sexual and Urinary Functions after Fully Robotic Nerve-Sparing Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer. Annals of Surgery, 257, 672-678. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318269d03b
Cho, M.S., Baek, S.J., Hur, H., Min, B.S., Baik, S.H., Lee, K.Y., et al. (2015) Short and long-Term Outcomes of Robotic versus Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: A Case-Matched Retrospective Study. Medicine, 94, e522. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000522
Yamaguchi, T., Kinugasa, Y., Shiomi, A., Tomioka, H., Kagawa, H. and Yamakawa, Y. (2016) Robotic-Assisted vs. Conventional Laparoscopic Surgery for Rectal Cancer: Short-Term Outcomes at a Single Center. Surgery Today, 46, 957-962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-015-1266-4
Law, W.L. and Foo, D.C.C. (2017) Comparison of short-Term and Oncologic Outcomes of Robotic and Laparoscopic Resection for Mid- and Distal Rectal Cancer. Surgical Endoscopy, 31, 2798-2807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5289-8
Cleary, R.K., Mullard, A.J., Ferraro, J. and Regenbogen, S.E. (2018) The Cost of Conversion in Robotic and Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery. Surgical Endoscopy, 32, 1515-1524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5839-8
Kitano, S., Iso, Y., Moriyama, M. and Sugimachi, K. (1994) Laparoscopy Assisted Billroth I Gastrectomy. Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 4, 146-148.
Hashizume, M., Shimada, M., Tomikawa, M., Ikeda, Y., Takahashi, I., Abe, R., et al. (2002) Early Experiences of Endoscopic Procedures in General Surgery Assisted by a Computer Enhanced Surgical System. Surgical Endoscopy and other Interventional Techniques, 16, 1187-1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004640080154
Shibasaki, S., Suda, K., Obama, K., Yoshida, M. and Uyama, I. (2020) Should Robotic Gastrectomy Become a Standard Surgical Treatment Option for Gastric Cancer? Surgery Today, 50, 955-965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-019-01875-w
Russo, A.E. and Strong, V.E. (2019) Gastric Cancer Etiology and Management in Asia and the West. Annual Review of Medicine, 70, 353-367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-081117-043436
Van Boxel, G.I., Ruurda, J.P. and van Hillegersberg, R. (2019) Robotic-Assisted Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: A European Perspective. Gastric Cancer, 22, 909-919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-019-00979-z
Zheng, B., Wang, X., Li, J., Wang, Q., Bi, L., Deng, X.B. and Wang, Z.Q. (2019) Robotic Gastrectomy versus Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. Surgical Endoscopy, 33, 1033-1048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-06648-z
Shen, W.S., Xi, H.Q., Chen, L. and Wei, B. (2014) A Meta-Analysis of Robotic versus Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. Surgical Endoscopy, 28, 2795-2802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-014-3547-1
Kim, H.I., Han, S.U., Yang, H.K., Kim, Y.W., Lee, H.J., Ryu, K.W., et al. (2016) Multicenter Prospective Comparative Study of Robotic versus Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Annals of Surgery, 263, 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000001249
Solaini, L., Avanzolini, A., Pacilio, C.A., Cucchetti, A., Cavaliere, D. and Ercolani, G. (2020) Robotic Surgery for Gastric Cancer in the West: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes. International Journal of Surgery, 83, 170-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.055
Leff, D.R., Vashisht, R., Yongue, G., et al (2011) Endoscopic Breast Surgery: Where Are We Now and What Might the Future Hold for Video-Assisted Breast Surgery? Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 125, 607-625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-010-1258-4
Toesca, A., Peradze, N., Manconi, A., Galimberti, V., Intra, M., Colleoni, M., et al. (2017) Robotic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy for the Treatment of Breast Cancer: Feasibility and Safety Study. Breast, 31, 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2016.10.009
Lai, H.W., Chen, S.T., Mok, C.W., Lin, Y.J., Wu, H.K., Lin, S.L., et al. (2020) Robotic versus Conventional Nipple Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Gel Implant Breast Reconstruction in the Management of Breast Cancer—A Case Control Comparison Study with Analysis of Clinical Outcome, Medical Cost, and Patient-Reported Cosmetic Results. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 73, 1514-1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.02.021
Mottet, N., Bellmunt, J., Bolla, M., Briers, E., Cumberbatch, M.G., De Santis, M., et al (2017) EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent. European Urology, 71, 618-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.003
Martini, A., Falagario, U.G., Villers, A., Dell’Oglio, P., Mazzone, E., Autorino, R., et al. (2020) Contemporary Techniques of Prostate Dissection for Robot-Assisted Prostatectomy. European Urology, 78, 583-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.07.017
Collette, E., Klaver, S., Lissenberg-Witte, B., van den Ouden, D., van Moorselaar, R. and Vis, A. (2020) Patient Reported Outcome Measures Concerning Urinary Incontinence after Robot Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Development and Validation of an Online Prediction Model Using Clinical Parameters, Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Surgical Experience. Journal of Robotic Surgery, in press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-020-01145-9
Du, Y.F., Long, Q.Z., Guan, B., Mu, L.J., Tian, J.H., Jiang, Y.M., et al. (2018) Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Is More Beneficial for Prostate Cancer Patients: A System Review and Meta-Analysis. Medical Science Monitor, 24, 272-287. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.907092
Theisen, K.M., Myrga, J.M., Hale, N., Cochran, G., Sewall, C., Macleod, L.C., et al. (2019) Excessive Opioid Prescribing after Major Urologic Procedures. Urology, 123, 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2018.06.057
Mazzone, E., Dell’Oglio, P., Rosiello, G., Puliatti, S., Brook, N., Turri, F., et al. (2020) Technical Refinements in Superextended Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy for Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer Patients at Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging. European Urology, in press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.09.009
Ilic, D., Evans, S.M., Allan, C.A., Jung, J.H., Murphy, D. and Frydenberg, M. (2017) Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted versus Open Radical Prostatectomy for the Treatment of Localised Prostate Cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, Article ID: CD009625. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009625.pub2
Canis, M., Maze, G., Wattiez, A., Pouly, J., Chapron, C. and Bruhat, M. (1992) Vaginally Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy. Journal of Gynecologic Surgery, 8, 103-105. https://doi.org/10.1089/gyn.1992.8.103
Nezhat, C.R., Burrell, M.O., Nezhat, F.R., Benigno, B.B. and Welander, C.E. (1992) Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy with Paraaortic and Pelvic Node Dissection. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 166, 864-865. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(92)91351-A
Sharma, R., Bailey, J., Anderson, R. and Murdoch, J. (2006) Laparoscopically Assisted Radical Vaginal Hysterectomy (Coelio-Schauta): A Comparison with Open Wertheim/Meigs Hysterectomy. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 16, 1927-1932.
Renato, S., Mohamed, M., Serena, S., Giulia, M., Giulia, F., Giulia, G., et al. (2011) Robot-Assisted Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer: Review of Surgical and Oncological Outcomes. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2011, Article ID: 872434.
Berguer, R. (1999) Surgery and Ergonomics. The Archives of Surgery, 134, 1011-1016. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.134.9.1011
Dakin, G.F. and Gagner, M. (2003) Comparison of Laparoscopic Skills Performance between Standard Instruments and Two Surgical Robotic Systems. Surgical Endoscopy and other Interventional Techniques, 17, 574-579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-002-8938-z
Zakashansky, K., Chuang, L., Gretz, H., Nagarsheth, N.P., Rahaman, J. and Nezhat, F.R. (2007) A Case-Controlled Study of Total Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy with Pelvic Lymphadenectomy versus Radical Abdominal Hysterectomy in a Fellowship Training Program. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 17, 1075-1082.
Advincula, A.P. and Wang, K. (2009) Evolving Role and Current State of Robotics in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, 16, 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2009.03.003
Holloway, R.W., Patel, S.D. and Ahmad, S. (2009) Robotic Surgery in Gynecology. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, 98, 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/145749690909800205
Nezhat, F.R., Datta, M.S., Liu, C., Chuang, L. and Zakashansky, K. (2008) Robotic Radical Hysterectomy versus Total Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy with Pelvic Lymphadenectomy for Treatment of Early Cervical Cancer. Journal of the Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons, 12, 227-237.
Hassan, S.O., Dudhia, J., Syed, L.H., Patel, K., Farshidpour, M., Cunningham, S.C., et al. (2015) Conventional Laparoscopic vs Robotic Training: Which Is Better for Naive Users? A Randomized Prospective Crossover Study. Journal of Surgical Education, 72, 592-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2014.12.008
Netter, A., Jauffret, C., Brun, C., Sabiani, L., Blache, G., Houvenaeghel, G., et al. (2020) Choosing the Most Appropriate Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Gynecologic Cancers in the Context of an Enhanced Recovery Program: Insights from a Comprehensive Cancer Center. PLoS ONE, 15, e0231793. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231793
Luo, C., Liu, M. and Li, X.L. (2018) Efficacy and Safety Outcomes of Robotic Radical Hysterectomy in Chinese Older Women with Cervical Cancer Compared with Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy. BMC Women’s Health, 18, Article No. 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0544-x
Maenpaa, M.M., Nieminen, K., Tomás, E.I., Laurila, M., Luukkaala, T.H. and Maenpaa, J.U. (2016) Robotic-Assisted vs Traditional Laparoscopic Surgery for Endometrial Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 215, 588.e1-588.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.06.005
Nitecki, R., Ramirez, P.T., Frumovitz, M., Krause, K.J., Tergas, A.I., Wright, J.D., et al. (2020) Survival after Minimally Invasive vs Open Radical Hysterectomy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Oncology, 6, 1019-1027. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.1694
Salehi, S., Brandberg, Y., Avall-Lundqvist, E., Suzuki, C., Johansson, H., Legerstam, B., et al. (2018) Long-Term Quality of Life after Comprehensive Surgical Staging of High-Risk Endometrial Cancer—Results from the RASHEC Trial. Acta Oncologica, 57, 1671-1676. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1521987
Giannini, A., Russo, E., Mannella, P., Palla, G., Pisaneschi, S., Cecchi, E., et al. (2017) First Series of Total Robotic Hysterectomy (TRH) Using New Integrated Table Motion for the da Vinci Xi: Feasibility, Safety and Efficacy. Surgical Endoscopy, 31, 3405-3410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5331-x
Abel, M.K., Chan, J.K., Chow, S., Darcy, K., Tian, C., Kapp, D.S., et al. (2020) Trends and Survival Outcomes of Robotic, Laparoscopic, and Open Surgery for Stage II Uterine Cancer. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer, 30, 1347-1355. https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-001646
Chang, W.F., Luo, A.J., Yuan, Y.F., Chen, Y., Xin, Z.R. and Xu, S.S. (2020) Perioperative Complications and Safety Evaluation of Robot-Assisted Radical Hysterectomy of Cervical Cancer after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Cancer Management and Research, 12, 4483-4492. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S243986
El-Achi, V., Weishaupt, J., Carter, J. and Saidi, S. (2020) Robotic versus Laparoscopic Hysterectomy in Morbidly Obese Women for Endometrial Cancer. Journal of Robotic Surgery, in press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-020-01133-z
Mereu, L., Berlanda, V., Surico, D., Gardella, B., Pertile, R., Spinillo, A., et al. (2020) Evaluation of Quality of Life, Body Image and Surgical Outcomes of Robotic Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy and Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Low-Risk Endometrial Cancer Patients—A Robotic Gyne Club study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 99, 1238-1245. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13844
Nasioudis, D., Frey, M.K., Chapman-Davis, E., Caputo, T.A. and Holcomb, K. (2020) Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Surgery for Patients with Endometrial Carcinoma Involving the Cervix. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer, 30, 619-625. https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-001023