Primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) is the most common type of extranodal lymphoma that originates from the lymphatic tissue within the gastric submucosa. In the past two decades, the treatment of PGL has been overturned from surgery to non-surgical individualized treatment, and its treatment and prognosis are different from those of other malignant lesions in the stomach, so early diagnosis, accurate staging, and timely monitoring of outcome are extremely important. Unlike intra-nodal lymphoma, PGL can be evaluated by endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound and gastric ultrasound, in addition to conventional imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT ), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), which are specific to the gastrointestinal tract. This article introduces the application of various imaging modalities in the management of primary gastric lymphoma.
Diamantidis, M.D., Papaioannou, M. and Hatjiharissi, E. (2021) Primary Gastric Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Recent Advances Regarding Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment. World Journal Gastroenterology, 27, 5932-5945. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i35.5932
Psyrri, A., Papageorgiou, S. and Economopoulos, T. (2008) Primary Extranodal Lymphomas of Stomach: Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Pitfalls and Management. Annals of Oncology, 19, 1992-1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn525
Sugita, S., Iijima, T., Furuya, S., et al. (2007) Gastric T-Cell Lymphoma with Cytotoxic Phenotype. Pathology International, 57, 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.02065.x
Wang, Y.G., Zhao, L.Y., Liu, C.Q., et al. (2016) Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Primary Gastric Lymphoma: A Retrospective Study with 165 Cases. Medicine, 95, e4250. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004250
Li, M., Zhang, S., Gu, F., et al. (2014) Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Primary Gastrointestinal Lymphoma: A 22-Year Experience from South China. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 7, 2718-2728.
Malipatel, R., Patil, M., Rout, P., Correa, M. and Devarbhavi, H. (2018) Primary Gastric Lymphoma: Clinicopathological Profile. Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology, 8, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1250
Zeggai, S., Harir, N., Tou, A., Medjamia, M. and Guenaoui, K. (2016) Gastrointestinal lymphoma in Western Algeria: Pattern of Distribution and Histological Subtypes (Retrospective Study). The Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 7, 1011-1016. https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2016.09.11
Wotherspoon, A.C., Doglioni, C., Diss, T.C., et al. (1993) Regression of Primary Low-Grade B-Cell Gastric Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Type after Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori. The Lancet, 342, 575-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91409-F
Song, Y., Jiang, K., Su, S., Wang, B. and Chen, G. (2018) Clinical Manifestations and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gastric Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma and Long-Term Follow-Up Following Helicobacter Pylori Eradication. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 553-561. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5413
Bai, Z. and Zhou, Y. (2021) A Systematic Review of Primary Gastric Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Clinical Diagnosis, Staging, Treatment and Prognostic Factors. Leukemia Research, 111, Article ID: 106716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106716
Ferreri, A.J. and Montalbán, C. (2007) Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Stomach. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 63, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.01.003
Willich, N.A., Reinartz, G., Horst, E.J., et al. (2000) Operative and Conservative Management of Primary Gastric Lymphoma: Interim Results of a German Multicenter Study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 46, 895-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(99)00475-7
Koch, P., Probst, A., Berdel, W.E., et al. (2005) Treatment Results in Localized Primary Gastric Lymphoma: Data of Patients Registered within the German Multicenter Study (GIT NHL 02/96). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 7050-7059. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.04.031
Thomas, A.S., Schwartz, M. and Quigley, E. (2019) Gastrointestinal Lymphoma: The New Mimic. BMJ Open Gastroenterology, 6, e000320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000320
Yoon, S.S., Coit, D.G., Portlock. C.S. and Karpeh, M.S. (2004) The Diminishing Role of Surgery in the Treatment of Gastric Lymphoma. Annals of Surgery, 240, 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000129356.81281.0c
Shannon, E.M., MacQueen, I.T., Miller, J.M. and Maggard-Gibbons, M. (2016) Management of Primary Gastrointestinal Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: A Population-Based Survival Analysis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 20, 1141-1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-016-3129-8
Juárez-Salcedo, L.M., Sokol, L., Chavez, J.C. and Dalia, S. (2018) Primary Gastric Lymphoma, Epidemiology, Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancer Control, 25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073274818778256
Peng, J.C., Zhong, L. and Ran, Z.H. (2015) Primary Lymphomas in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Journal of Digestive Diseases, 16, 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12234
Wotherspoon, A.C., Ortiz-Hidalgo, C., Falzon, M.R. and Isaacson, P.G. (1991) Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastritis and Primary B-Cell Gastric Lymphoma. The Lancet, 338, 1175-1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92035-Z
Engels, E.A. (2007) Infectious Agents as Causes of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 16, 401-404. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-1056
Hirabayashi, M., Traverse-Glehen, A., Combes, J.D., Clifford, G.M. and de Martel, C. (2023) Estimating the Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Primary Gastric Lymphoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Infectious Agents and Cancer, 18, Article No. 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-023-00482-2
Engels, E.A., Cho, E.R. and Jee, S.H. (2010) Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in South Korea: A Cohort Study. The Lancet Oncology, 11, 827-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70167-4
Ferrucci, P.F. and Zucca, E. (2007) Primary Gastric Lymphoma Pathogenesis and Treatment: What Has Changed over the Past 10 Years? British Journal of Haematology, 136, 521-538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06444.x
Olszewska-Szopa, M. and Wróbel, T. (2019) Gastrointestinal Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 28, 1119-1124. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/94068
Tian, C., Li, Y. and Chen, Z. (2020) A Retrospective Analysis of Primary Gastrointestinal Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Clinical Features, Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcomes. OncoTargets and Therapy, 13, 5345-5352. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S248381
Cui, Y., Sun, Z., Li, X., Leng, C., Zhang, L., Fu, X., Li, L., Zhang, X., Chang, Y.U., Nan, F., Li, Z., Yan, J., Zhang, M., Li, W., Wang, G., Zhang, D. and Ma, Y. (2016) Expression and Clinical Significance of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Interleukin-32 in Primary Gastric B-Cell Lymphoma. Oncology Letters, 11, 693-698. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3950
Vlăduţ, C., Ciocîrlan, M., Costache, R.S., Jinga, M., Balaban, V.D., Costache, D.O. and Diculescu, M. (2020) Is Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma an Infectious Disease? Role of Helicobacter Pylori and Eradication Antibiotic Therapy (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 3546-3553. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9031
Andriani, A., Zullo, A., Di Raimondo, F., et al. (2006) Clinical and Endoscopic Presentation of Primary Gastric Lymphoma: A Multicentre Study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 23, 721-726. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02826.x
Al-Akwaa, A.M., Siddiqui, N. and Al-Mofleh, I.A. (2004) Primary Gastric Lymphoma. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 10, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v10.i1.5
Ikoma, N., Badgwell, B.D. and Mansfield, P.F. (2017) Multimodality Treatment of Gastric Lymphoma. Surgical Clinics of North America, 97, 405-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2016.11.012
Vetro, C., Chiarenza, A., Romano, A., Amico, I., Calafiore, V., Di Raimondo, C., Coppolino, F. and Di Raimondo, F. (2014) Prognostic Assessment and Treatment of Primary Gastric Lymphomas: How Endoscopic Ultrasonography Can Help in Tailoring Patient Management. Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia, 14, 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clml.2013.10.010
Wang, K.X., Ben, Q.W., Jin, Z.D., Du, Y.Q., Zou, D.W., Liao, Z. and Li, Z.S. (2011) Assessment of Morbidity and Mortality Associated with EUS-Guided FNA: A Systematic Review. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 73, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2010.10.045
Vetro, C., Romano, A., Amico, I., Conticello, C., Motta, G., Figuera, A., Chiarenza, A., Di Raimondo, C., Giulietti, G., Bonanno, G., Palumbo, G.A. and Di Raimondo, F. (2014) Endoscopic Features of Gastro-Intestinal Lymphomas: From Diagnosis to Follow-Up. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20, 12993-13005. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12993
Schizas, D., Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, I., Tsilimigras, D.I., Sioulas, A.D., Moris, D., Spartalis, E., Scotiniotis, I. and Papanikolaou, I.S. (2017) The Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Gastric Lymphoma. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2017, Article ID: 2397430. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2397430
Giovannini, M., Hookey, L.C., Bories, E., Pesenti, C., Monges, G. and Delpero, J.R. (2006) Endoscopic Ultrasound Elastography: The First Step towards Virtual Biopsy? Preliminary Results in 49 Patients. Endoscopy, 38, 344-348. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-925158
Hocke, M., Menges, M., Topalidis, T., Dietrich, C.F. and Stallmach, A. (2008) Contrast-Enhanced Endoscopic Ultrasound in Discrimination between Benign and Malignant Mediastinal and Abdominal Lymph Nodes. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 134, 473-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-007-0309-7
Püspök, A., Raderer, M., Chott, A., Dragosics, B., Gangl, A. and Schöfl, R. (2002) Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Follow up and Response Assessment of Patients with Primary Gastric Lymphoma. Gut, 51, 691-694. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.51.5.691
Ono, S., Kato, M., Ono, Y., Nishida, U., Yamamoto K., Shimizu, Y. and Asaka, M. (2011) Target Biopsy Using Magnifying Endoscopy in Clinical Management of Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 26, 1133-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06729.x
Nonaka, K., Ishikawa, K., Arai, S., Nakao, M., Shimizu, M., Sakurai, T., Nagata, K., Nishimura, M., Togawa, O., Ochiai, Y., Sasaki, Y. and Kita, H. (2012) A Case of gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma in which Magnified Endoscopy with Narrow Band Imaging Was Useful in the Diagnosis. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 4, 151-156. https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v4.i4.151
Kav, T., Ozen, M., Uner, A., Abdullazade, S., Ozseker, B. and Bayraktar, Y. (2012) How Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy Can Help us in Diagnosing Gastric Lymphomas? Bratislava Medical Journal, 113, 680-682. https://doi.org/10.4149/BLL_2012_155
Dolak, W., Kiesewetter, B., Müllauer, L., Mayerhoefer, M., Troch, M., Trauner, M., Häfner, M., Raderer, M. and Püspök, A. (2016) A Pilot Study of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy for Diagnosing Gastrointestinal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma. Surgical Endoscopy, 30, 2879-2885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-015-4572-4
Isomoto, H., Matsushima, K., Hayashi, T., Imaizumi, Y., Shiota, J., Ishii, H., Minami, H., Ohnita, K., Takeshima, F., Shikuwa, S., Miyazaki, Y. and Nakao, K. (2013) Endocytoscopic Findings of Lymphomas of the Stomach. BMC Gastroenterology, 13, Article No. 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-13-174
Hodler, J., Kubik-Huch, R.A. and von Schulthess G.K. (Eds.) (2018) Diseases of the Abdomen and Pelvis 2018-2021: Diagnostic Imaging-IDKD Book. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75019-4
Byun, J.H., Ha, H.K., Kim, A.Y., Kim, T.K., Ko, E.Y., Lee, J.K., Yu, E.S., Myung, S.J., Yang, S.K., Jung, H.Y. and Kim, J.H. (2003) CT Findings in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Involving the Gastrointestinal Tract. Radiology, 227, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2271012129
Ma, Z., Fang, M., Huang, Y., He, L., Chen, X., Liang, C., Huang, X., Cheng, Z., Dong, D., Liang, C., Xie, J., Tian, J. and Liu, Z. (2017) CT-Based Radiomics Signature for Differentiating Borrmann Type IV Gastric Cancer from Primary Gastric Lymphoma. European Journal of Radiology, 91, 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.04.007
Zeydanli, T. and Kilic, H.K. (2022) Performance of Quantitative CT Texture Analysis in Differentiation of Gastric Tumors. Japanese Journal of Radiology, 40, 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-021-01181-x
Papaevangelou, E., Almeida, G.S., Jamin, Y., Robinson, S.P. and de Souza, N.M. (2015) Diffusion-Weighted MRI for Imaging Cell Death after Cytotoxic or Apoptosis-Inducing Therapy. British Journal of Cancer, 112, 1471-1479. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.134
Chou, C.K., Sheu, R.S., Yang, C.W., Wang, M.L. and Chen, L.T. (1994) Abdominal Pseudotumors and Simulated Lymphadenopathy in MRI: Differential Features with the Use of Retrograde Air Insufflation. Abdominal Radiology, 19, 503-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198250
Avcu, S., Arslan, H., Unal, O., Kotan, C. and Izmirli, M. (2012) The Role of Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging and ADC Values in the Diagnosis of Gastric Tumors. Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology, 95, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.62
Li, Qiong, Bai, R.-J. and Sun, H.-R. (2010) Application of MR DWI in Detection and Therapeutic Monitoring of Lymphoma. Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging Technology, 26, 2313-2316.
Perry, C., Herishanu, Y., Metzer, U., Bairey, O., Ruchlemer, R., Trejo, L., Naparstek, E., Sapir, E.E. and Polliack, A. (2007) Diagnostic Accuracy of PET/CT in Patients with Extranodal Marginal Zone MALT Lymphoma. European Journal of Haematology, 79, 205-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00895.x
Elstrom, R., Guan, L., Baker, G., Nakhoda, K., Vergilio, J.A., Zhuang, H., Pitsilos, S., Bagg, A., Downs, L., Mehrotra, A., Kim, S., Alavi, A. and Schuster, S.J. (2003) Utility of FDG-PET Scanning in Lymphoma by WHO Classification. Blood, 101, 3875-3876. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-09-2778
Alinari, L., Castellucci, P., Elstrom, R., Ambrosini, V., Stefoni, V., Nanni, C., Berkowitz, A., Tani, M., Farsad, M., Franchi, R., Fanti, S. and Zinzani, P.L. (2006) 18F-FDG PET in Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma. Leukemia & Lymphoma, 47, 2096-2101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428190600733499
Hampson, F.A. and Shaw, A.S. (2008) Response Assessment in Lymphoma. Clinical Radiology, 63, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2007.10.005
Ghimire, P., Wu, G.Y. and Zhu L. (2011) Primary Gastrointestinal lymphoma. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 17, 697-707. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i6.697
Haug, A.R., Leisser, A., Wadsak, W., Mitterhauser, M., Pfaff, S., Kropf, S., Wester, H.J., Hacker, M., Hartenbach, M., Kiesewetter-Wiederkehr, B., Raderer, M. and Mayerhoefer, M.E. (2019) Prospective Non-Invasive Evaluation of CXCR4 Expression for the Diagnosis of MALT Lymphoma Using [68Ga] Ga-Pentixafor-PET/MRI. Theranostics, 9, 3653-3658. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.31032
Mayerhoefer, M.E., Raderer, M., Lamm, W., Weber, M., Kiesewetter, B., Rohrbeck, J., Simonitsch-Klupp, I., Hacker, M., Leisser, A., Nics, L., Schmitl, S., Wester, H.J. and Haug, A. (2022) CXCR4 PET/MRI for Follow-Up of Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma after First-Line Helicobacter Pylori Eradication. Blood, 139, 240-244. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021013239
Duell, J., Krummenast, F., Schirbel, A., Klassen, P., Samnick, S., Rauert-Wunderlich, H., Rasche, L., Buck, A.K., Wester, H.J., Rosenwald, A., Einsele, H., Topp, M.S., Lapa, C. and Kircher, M. (2021) Improved Primary Staging of Marginal-Zone Lymphoma by Addition of CXCR4-Directed PET/CT. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 62, 1415-1421. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.257279
Sharma, P., Suman, S.K., Singh, H., Sharma, A., Bal, C., Malhotra, A. and Kumar, R. (2013) Primary Gastric Lymphoma: Utility of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography for Detecting Relapse after Treatment. Leukemia & Lymphoma, 54, 951-958. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2012.717694
Giraudo, C., Raderer, M., Karanikas, G., Weber, M., Kiesewetter, B., Dolak, W., Simonitsch-Klupp, I. and Mayerhoefer, M.E. (2016) 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance in Lymphoma: Comparison with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and With the Addition of Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging. Investigative Radiology, 51,163-169. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000218
Mayerhoefer, M.E., Prosch, H., Beer, L., Tamandl, D., Beyer, T., Hoeller, C., Berzaczy, D., Raderer, M., Preusser, M., Hochmair, M., Kiesewetter, B., Scheuba, C., Ba-Ssalamah, A., Karanikas, G., Kesselbacher, J., Prager, G., Dieckmann, K., Polterauer, S., Weber, M., Rausch, I., Brauner, B., Eidherr, H., Wadsak, W. and Haug, A.R. (2020) PET/MRI versus PET/CT in Oncology: A Prospective Single-Center Study of 330 Examinations Focusing on Implications for Patient Management and Cost Considerations. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 47, 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04452-y
Raderer, M., Kiesewetter, B. and Mayerhoefer, M.E. (2022) Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) vs. Gastroscopy: Can It Improve Detection of Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphomas of the Stomach Following H. pylori Treatment? Expert Review of Hematology, 15, 565-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474086.2022.2089110
Maconi, G., Radice, E., Bareggi, E. and Porro, G.B. (2009) Hydrosonography of the Gastrointestinal Tract. AJR: American Journal of Roentgenology, 193, 700-708. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.1979
Braden, B., Ignee, A., Hocke, M., Palmer, R.M. and Dietrich, C. (2010) Diagnostic Value and Clinical Utility of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound in Intestinal Diseases. Digestive and Liver Disease, 42, 667-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2010.05.018
Li, S., Huang, P., Wang, Z., Chen, J., Xu, H., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Mo, G., Zhu, J. and Cosgrove, D. (2012) Preoperative T Staging of Advanced Gastric Cancer Using Double Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound. Ultraschall in der Medizin, 33, E218-E224. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312958
Yan, C., Bao, X., Shentu, W., Chen, J., Liu, C., Ye, Q., Wang, L., Tan, Y. and Huang, P. (2016) Preoperative Gross Classification of Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Comparison of Double Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Multi-Detector Row CT. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 42, 1431-1440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.01.030
Liu, Z., Guo, J., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Li, J., Ren, W., Tang, S., Xie, L., Huang, Y., Sun, S. and Huang, L. (2015) Evaluation of Transabdominal Ultrasound after Oral Administration of an Echoic Cellulose-Based Gastric Ultrasound Contrast Agent for Gastric Cancer. BMC Cancer, 15, Article No. 932. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-1943-0
Shi, H., Yu, X.H., Guo, X.Z., Guo, Y., Zhang, H., Qian, B., Wei, Z.R., Li, L., Wang X.C. and Kong, Z.X. (2012) Double Contrast-Enhanced Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography for Evaluation of Gastric Lesions. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 18, 4136-4144. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i31.4136
Zhou, S.F., Yin, J.B., Yang, H., Zhong, J. and An, P. (2016) Application Value of Stomach Filling Ultrasonography and Intravenous Contrast Agents in Diagnosis of Advanced Gastric Cancer. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 20, 3206-3210.
Liu, L., Lu, D.-Y., Cai, J.-R. and Zhang, L. (2018) The Value of Oral Contrast Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer in Elderly Patients. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 16, Article No. 233. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-018-1527-y
Dietrich, C.F., Averkiou, M.A., Correas, J.M., Lassau, N., Leen, E. and Piscaglia. F. (2012) An EFSUMB Introduction into Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) for Quantification of Tumour Perfusion. Ultraschall in der Medizin, 33, 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1313026
Lassau, N., Chebil, M., Chami, L., Bidault, S., Girard, E. and Roche, A. (2010) Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (DCE-US): A New Tool for the Early Evaluation of Antiangiogenic Treatment. Targeted Oncology, 5, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-010-0136-7
Lassau, N., Chami, L., Chebil, M., Benatsou, B., Bidault, S., Girard, E., Abboud, G. and Roche, A. (2011) Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (DCE-US) and Anti-Angiogenic Treatments. Discovery Medicine, 11, 18-24.
Albo, D., Granick, M.S., Jhala, N., Atkinson, B. and Solomon, M.P. (1994) The Relationship of Angiogenesis to Biological Activity in Human Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 32, 588-594. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199406000-00005
Williams, J.K., Carlson, G.W., Cohen, C., Derose, P.B., Hunter, S. and Jurkiewicz, M.J. (1994) Tumor Angiogenesis as a Prognostic Factor in Oral Cavity Tumors. The American Journal of Surgery, 168, 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80079-0
Zhuang, H., Yang, Z.G., Chen, H.J., Peng, Y.L. and Li, L. (2012) Time-Intensity Curve Parameters in Colorectal Tumours Measured Using Double Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: Correlations with Tumour Angiogenesis. Colorectal Disease, 14, 181-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02546.x
Li, S.Y., Huang, P.T., Wang, Z.M., Huang, F.G., Zheng, Z.Q. and Yang, Y. (2009) The Relationship between Enhanced Intensity and Microvessel Density of Gastric Carcinoma Using Double Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 35, 1086-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.03.010
Lassau, N., Brule, A., Chami, L., Benatsou, B., Péronneau, P. and Roche, A. (2008) Evaluation précoce des traitements anti-angiogéniques par échographie dynamique de contraste. Journal de Radiologie, 89, 549-555. (In French) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0221-0363(08)71480-X