Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. A cisplatin - based chemotherapy regimen is commonly used to major patients who have adenocarcinoma. Because of the limited remission rate, many patients need receive second-line treatment after receiving first-line chemotherapy. Drug screenings carried out c urrently are mainly from single phase. In consideration of systemic treatment, evaluation of a novel drug candidate from the point of view of first-line and second-line treatment is supposed to be important in the process of drug screening. In this review, we propose a flow of searching for new drugs, which is tailored to accommodate to first-line and second-line treatment in clinic.
Hanna, N., Shepherd, F.A., Fossella, F.V., Pereira, J.R., De Marinis, F., von Pawel, J., et al. (2004) Randomized Phase III Trial of Pemetrexed versus Doeetaxel in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated with Chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 1589-1597. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.08.163
Di Maio, M., Perrone, F., Chiodini, P., Gallo, C., Camps, C., Schuette, W., et al. (2007) Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Docetaxel Administered Once Every 3 Weeks Compared with Once Every Week Second-Line Treatment of Advancednon-Small-cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25, 1377-1382. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.09.8251
Peterson, P., Park, K., Fossella, F., Gatzemeier, U., John, W. and Scagliotti, G.V. (2007) Is Pemetrexed More Effective in Adenocarcinoma and Large Cell Lung Cancer than in Squamous Cell Carcinoma? A Retrospective Analysis of a Phase III Trial of Pemetrexed vs. Docetaxel in Previously Treated Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 2, s851. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JTO.0000284677.33344.62
Al-Farsi, A. and Ellis, P.M. (2014) Treatment Paradigms for Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Squamous Lung Cancer: First, Second, and Third-Line. Frontiersin Oncology, 4, 157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2014.00157
Gatzemeier, U., von Pawel, J., Gottfried, M., ten Velde, G.P., Mattson, K., de Marinis, F., et al. (2000) Phase III Comparative Study of High-Dose Cisplatin versus a Combination of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 3390-3399. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.19.3390
Scagliotti, G.V., De Marinis, F., Rinaldi, M., Crino, L., Gridelli, C., Ricci, S., et al. (2002) Italian Lung Cancer Project: Phase III Randomized Trial Comparing Three Platinum-Based Doublets in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 4285-4291. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2002.02.068
Schiller, J.H., Harrington, D., Belani, C.P., Langer, C., Sandler, A., Krook, J., et al. (2002) Comparison of Four Chemotherapy Regimens for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011954
Shepherd, F.A., Dancey, J., Ramlau, R., Mattson, K., Gralla, R., O’Rourke, M., et al. (2000) Prospective Randomized Trial of Docetaxel versus Best Supportive Care in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated with Platinum Based Chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 2095-2103. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.10.2095
Fossella, F.V., DeVore, R., Kerr, R.N., Crawford, J., Natale, R.R., Dunphy, F., et al. (2000) Randomized Phase III Trial of Docetaxel versus Vinorelbine or Ifosfamide in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated with Platinum-Containing Chemotherapy Regimens. The TAX 320 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 2354-2362. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.12.2354
Scagliotti, G.V., Parikh, P., von Pawel, J., Biesma, B., Vansteenkiste, J., Manegold, C., et al. (2008) Phase III Study Comparing Cisplatin plus Gemcitabine with Cisplatin plus Pemetrexed in Chemotherapy-Naive Patients with Advanced-Stage Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 3543-3551. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.15.0375
Scagliotti, G., Hanna, N., Fossella, F., Sugarman, K., Blatter, J., Peterson, P., et al. (2009) The Differential Efficacy of Pemetrexed According to NSCLC Histology: A Review of Two Phase III Studies. Oncologist, 14, 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0232
Wang, L.N., Wang, Y., Guan, Q., Liu, Y., He, T.Y. and Wang, J.R. (2016) Establishment of a first-line second-line Treatment Model for Human Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma. Oncology Letters, 12, 4461-4466. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5299
Liu, Y.-P., Ling, Y., Qi, Q.-F., Zhang, Y.-P., Zhang, C.-S., Zhu, C.-T., et al. (2013) The Effects of ERCC1 Expression Levels on the Chemosensitivity of Gastric Cancer Cells to Platinum Agents and Survival in Gastric Cancer Patients Treated with Oxaliplatin-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Oncology Letters, 5, 935-942. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2012.1096
Cai, Y., Yan, X., Zhang, G.Q., Zhao, W.H. and Jiao, S.C. (2015) The Predictive Value of ERCC1 and p53 for the Effect of Panobinostat and Cisplatin Combination Treatment in NSCLC. Oncotarget, 6, 18997-19005. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.3620
Huggins, D.J., Venkitaraman, A.R. and Spring, D.R. (2011) Rational Methods for the Selection of Diverse Screening Compounds. ACS Chemical Biology, 6, 208-217. https://doi.org/10.1021/cb100420r
Cragg, G.M. and Newman, D.J. (2013) Natural Products: A Continuing Source of Novel Drug Leads. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1830, 3670-3695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008
Kennedy, J.P., Williams, L., Bridges, T.M., Daniels, R.N., Weaver, D. and Lindsley, C.W. (2008) Application of Combinatorial Chemistry Science on Modern Drug Discovery. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry, 10, 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1021/cc700187t
Corbi-Verge, C. and Kim, P.M. (2016) Motif Mediated Protein-Protein Interactions as Drug Targets. Cell Communication and Signaling, 14, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-016-0131-4
Hao, H., Maeda, Y., Fukazawa, T., Yamatsuji, T., Takaoka, M., Bao, X.H., et al. (2013) Inhibition of the Growth Factor MDK/Midkine by a Novel Small Molecule Compound to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS ONE, 8, e71093. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071093
Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. (2004) Marine Natural Products and Related Compounds in Clinical and Advanced Preclinical Trials. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 1216-1238. https://doi.org/10.1021/np040031y
Tavassoli, A. (2017) SICLOPPS Cyclic Peptide Libraries in Drug Discovery. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 38, 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.02.016
Perera, Y., Toro, N.D., Gorovaya, L., Fernandez-DE-Cossio, J., Farina, H.G. and Perea, S.E. (2014) Synergistic Interactions of the Anti-Casein Kinase 2 CIGB-300 Peptide and Chemotherapeutic Agents in Lung and Cervical Preclinical Cancer Models. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 2, 935-944. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2014.338
Dantas-Barbosa, C., de Macedo Brigido, M. and Maranhao, A.Q. (2012) Antibody Phage Display Libraries: Contributions to Oncology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 5420-5240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055420
Thatcher, N., Hirsch, F.R., Luft, A.V., Szczesna, A., Ciuleanu, T.E., Dediu, M., et al. (2015) Necitumumab plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin versus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Alone as First-Line Therapy in Patients with Stage IV Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SQUIRE): An Open-Label, Randomised, Controlled Phase 3 Trial. Lancet Oncology, 16, 763-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00021-2
Sittampalam, G.S., Kahl, S.D. and Janzen, W.P. (1997) High-Throughput Screening: Advances in Assay Technologies. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 1, 384-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-5931(97)80078-6
Silverman, L., Campbell, R. and Broach, J.R. (1998) New Assay Technologies for High-Throughput Screening. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2, 397-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80015-X
Bennett, D.C., Charest, J., Sebolt, K., Lehrman, M., Rehemtulla, A. and Contessa, J.N. (2013) High-Throughput Screening Identifies Aclacinomycin as a Radiosensitizer of EGFR-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Translational Oncology, 6, 382-391. https://doi.org/10.1593/tlo.13232
Singh, S., Carpenter, A.E. and Genovesio, A. (2014) Increasing the Content of High-Content Screening: An Overview. Journal of Biomolecular Screening, 19, 640-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087057114528537
Xia, X., Yang, J., Li, F., Li, Y., Zhou, X., Dai, Y., et al. (2010) Image-Based Chemical Screening Identifies Drug Efflux Inhibitors in Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Research, 70, 7723-7733. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4360
Lin, S.H., Zhang, J., Giri, U., Stephan, C., Sobieski, M., Zhong, L., et al. (2014) A High Content Clonogenic Survival Drug Screen Identifies Mek Inhibitors as Potent Radiation Sensitizers for KRAS Mutant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 9, 965-973. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0000000000000199
Shepherd, C.A., Hopkins, A.L. and Navratilova, I. (2014) Fragment Screening by SPR and Advanced Application to GPCRs. Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology, 116, 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.09.008
Nguyen, H.H., Park, J., Kang, S. and Kim, M. (2015) Surface Plasmon Resonance: A Versatile Technique for Biosensor Applications. Sensors, 15, 10481-10510. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150510481
Blangy, A. and Fort, P. (2012) Using a Modified Yeast Two-Hybrid System to Screen for Chemical GEF Inhibitors. Methods in Molecular Biology, 928, 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-008-3_7
Ohashi, K., Rai, K., Fujiwara, Y., Osawa, M., Hirano, S., Takata, K., et al. (2008) Induction of Lung Adenocarcinoma in Transgenic Mice Expressing Activated EGFR Driven by the SP-C Promoter. Cancer Science, 99, 1747-1753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00875.x
Qu, Z., Sun, F., Zhou, J., Li, L., Shapiro, S.D. and Xiao, G. (2015) Interleukin-6 Prevents the Initiation But Enhances the Progression of Lung Cancer. Cancer Research, 75, 3209-3215. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3042
Memon, A.A., Jakobsen, S., Dagnaes-Hansen, F., Sorensen, B.S., Keiding, S. and Nexo, E. (2009) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging with [11C]-Labeled Erlotinib: A Micro-PET Study on Mice with Lung Tumor Xenografts. Cancer Research, 69, 873-878. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3118
Steiner, P., Joynes, C., Bassi, R., Wang, S., Tonra, J.R., Hadari, Y.R., et al. (2007) Tumor Growth Inhibition with Cetuximab and Chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Xenografts Expressing Wild-Type and Mutated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Clinical Cancer Research, 13, 1540-1551. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1887
Kellar, A., Egan, C. and Morris, D. (2015) Preclinical Murine Models for Lung Cancer: Clinical Trial Applications. Biomed Research International, 2015, Article ID: 621324. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/621324
Fichtner, I., Rolff, J., Soong, R., Hoffmann, J., Hammer, S., Sommer, A., et al. (2008) Establishment of Patient-Derived Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Xenografts as Models for the Identification of Predictive Biomarkers. Clinical Cancer Research, 14, 6456-6468. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0138
Merk, J., Rolff, J., Becker, M., Leschber, G. and Fichtner, I. (2009) Patient-Derived Xenografts of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Pre-Clinical Model to Evaluate Adjuvant Chemotherapy? European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 36, 454-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.03.054
Dong, X., Guan, J., English, J.C., Flint, J., Yee, J., Evans, K., et al. (2010) Patient-Derived First Generation Xenografts of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers: Promising Tools for Predicting Drug Responses for Personalized Chemotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research, 16, 1442-1451. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2878
Quéré, G., Descourt, R., Robinet, G., Autret, S., Raguenes, O., Fercot, B., et al. (2016) Mutational Status of Synchronous and Metachronous Tumor Samples in Patients with Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. BMC Cancer, 16, 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2249-6
Roviello, G. (2015) The Distinctive Nature of Adenocarcinoma of the Lung. OncoTargets and Therapy, 8, 2399-2406. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S89225
Rosell, R., Moran, T., Queralt, C., Porta, R., Cardenal, F., Camps, C., et al. (2009) Screening for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Lung Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 361, 958-967. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0904554
Shi, Y., Li, J., Zhang, S., Wang, M., Yang, S., Li, N., et al. (2015) Molecular Epidemiology of EGFR Mutations in Asian Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer of Adenocarcinoma Histology Mainland China Subset Analysis of the PIONEER Study. PLoS ONE, 10, e0143515. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143515
Que, D., Xiao, H., Zhao, B., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., Xiao, H., et al. (2016) EGFR Mutation Status in Plasma and Tumor Tissues in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Serves as a Predictor of Response to EGFR-TKI Treatment. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 17, 320-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2016.1139238
Cappuzzo, F., Janne, P.A., Skokan, M., Finocchiaro, G., Rossi, E., Ligorio, C., et al. (2009) MET Increased Gene Copy Number and Primary Resistance to Gefitinib Therapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Annals of Oncology, 20, 298-304. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn635
Presta, L.G., Chen, H., O’Connor, S.J., Chisholm, V., Meng, Y.G., Krummen, L., et al. (1997) Humanization of an Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Monoclonal Antibody for the Therapy of Solid Tumors and Other Disorders. Cancer Research, 57, 4593-4599.
Cooper, M.R., Binkowski, C., Hartung, J. and Towle, J. (2016) Profile of Ramucirumab in the Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. OncoTargets Therapy, 9, 1953-1960. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S80239
Johnson, D.H., Fehrenbacher, L., Novotny, W.F., Herbst, R.S., Nemunaitis, J.J., Jablons, D.M., et al. (2004) Randomized Phase II Trial Comparing Bevacizumab plus Carboplatin and Paclitaxel with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Alone in Previously Untreated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 2184-2191. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.11.022