The aim of the study was to evaluate the behavioral signs of diabetic rats after treatment by Artemisia herba-alba (AHA) and insulin. Method: Based on the induction of diabetes in wistar rats by intraperitoneal (I/P) injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), then treated by AHA as 20 mg (I/P) and insulin subcutaneously (S/C). The samples of rats were: 1) Diabetic control, 2) Injected with insulin, 3) Injected with AHA, 4) Non diabetic rats, which were fostered for 21 day; then weighted and the behavioral tests were conducted. Results: The board hole tests (BHT) showed that: the induced diabetes reduced the cognition of the rats in view of Latency of the First Head Dipping (LFHD) in seconds, number of head dipping (NHD) and duration of head dipping (DHD) by 49.3%, while it’s improved in AHA and insulin treated rats by 52% and 69% in average respectively. The exploratory activity reduced in diabetic rats by 36%, while AHA and Insulin treated rats increased by 53% and 72% respectively. The rearing test showed an increase of anxiety among diabetic in form of duration of rearing, number of rearing and time spend in center by 51.7% in average respectively, while the anxiety reduced after treatment by AHA and insulin by 39% and 47.3% in average respectively. Also the diabetes increased the depression state by 106%, while the treatment by AHA and insulin reduced the depression state by 77% and 88% respectively. And VPT showed that: motor impairment occurred in diabetic cases and improved after AHA and insulin treatment.
World Health Organization (1997) Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Report on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 20, 1183-1197. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183
Knip, M., Veijola, R., Virtanen, S.M., Hyoty, H., Vaarala, O. and Akerblom, H.K. (2005) Environmental Triggers and Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes, 54, S125-S136. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S125
Urger, H. and Foster, W. (1998) Diabetes Mellitus. In: Wilson, J.D., Foster, D.W., Kronenserg, M. and Larson, R., Eds., Williams’s Text Book of Endocrinology, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 973-1060.
Kameswara Rao, B., Kesavulu, M.M. and Apparao, C. (2003) Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Effect of Momordica cymbalaria Fruit in Alloxan-Diabetic Rats. Fitoterapia, 74, 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00297-6
Melton, L.J., Palumbo, P.J. and Chu, C.P. (1983) Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus by Clinical Type. Diabetes Care, 6, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.6.1.75
Ott, A., Stolk, R.P., Hofman, A. and Van Harskamp, F. (1996) Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia, 39, 1392-1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250050588
Omer, M.A.A., Eljack, A.H., Gar-Alnabi, M.E.M., Mahmoud, M.Z., Elseid, M. and Edam, G.A. (2014) Ultrasonographic Characteristics of Diabetes Impacts in Kidneys’ Morphology. Open Journal of Radiology, 4, 301-308. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojrad.2014.44039
Pirart, J. (1978) Diabetes Mellitus and Its Degenerative Complications: A Prospective Study of 4,400 Patients Observed between 1947 and 1973 (Pt 1). Diabetes Care, 1, 168-188. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.1.4.252
Strachan, M.W.J., et al. (1997) Is Type II Diabetes Associated with an Increased Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction? A Critical Review of Published Studies. Diabetes Care, 20, 438-445. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.3.438
Biessels, G.J., Kappelle, A.C., Bravenboer, B., Erkelens, D.W. and Gispen, W.H. (1994) Cerebral Function in Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetologia, 37, 643-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00417687
Gold, A.E., Deary, I.J., Jones, R.W. and O’Hare, J.P. (1994) Severe Deterioration in Cognitive Function and Personality in Five Patients with Long-Standing Diabetes: A Complication of Diabetes or a Consequence of Treatment. Diabetic Medicine, 11, 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00314.x
Stewart, R. and Liolitsa, D. (1999) Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabetic Medicine, 16, 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00027.x
Araki, Y., Nomura, M., Tanaka, H. and Yamamoto, H. (1994) MRI of the Brain in Diabetes Mellitus. Neuroradiology, 36, 101-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00588069
Ylikoski, H., Erkinjuntti, T., Raininko, R. and Sarna, S. (1995) White Matter Hyperintensities on MRI in the Neurologically Nondiseased Elderly. Analysis of Cohorts of Consecutive Subjects Aged 55 to 85 Years Living at Home. Journal of Stroke, 26, 1171-1177. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.26.7.1171
Alwan, A.A.S. (1994) Management of Diabetes Mellitus Standards of Care and Clinical Practice Guidelines. WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO-EM/DIN6/E/G), Alexandria.
Redmon, B., Caccamo, D., Flavin, P., Michels, R., O’Connor, P., Roberts, J., Smith, S. and Sperl-Hillen, J. (2014) Diagnosis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults. 16th Edition, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement.
Marles, R.J. and Farnsworth, N.R. (1995) Antidiabetic Plants and Their Active Constituents. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, 2, 137-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80059-0
Calixto, J.B. (2005) Twenty-Five Years of Research on Medicinal Plants in Latin America: A Personal View. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100, 131-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.004
Salido, S., Valenzuela, L.R., Altarejos, J., Nogueras, M., Sanchez, A. and Cano, E. (2004) Composition and Infraspecific Variability of Artemisia herba-alba from Southern Spain. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32, 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2003.09.002
Jouad, H., Haloui, M., Rhiouani, H., El-Hilaly, J. and Eddouks, M. (2001) Ethnobotenical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used or the Treatment of Diabetes, Cardiac and Renal Diseases in the North Centre Region of Morocco (Fez-Boulemane). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 77, 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00289-6
Iriadam, M., Musa, D., Gümühan, H. and Baba, F. (2006) Effects of Two Turkish Medicinal Plants Artemisia herba-alba and Teucrium polium on Blood Glucose Levels and Other Biochemical Parameters in Rabbits. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, 5, 19-24.
Khennouf, S., Nadjet, I., Abderrahmane, B., Daoud, H. and Lekhmici, A. (2010) Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Artemisia herba alba Asso. Leaves and Some Phenolic. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4, 1273-1280.
Kim, J.-S., Yang, J.F. and Kim, M.-J. (2011) Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect, Anti-Microbial Activity and UPLC Analysis of Rhusverniciflua under Various Extract Conditions. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5, 778-783.
Si, M.-M., Lou, J.-S., Zhou, C.-X., Shen, J.-N., Wu, H.-H., Yang, B., He, Q.-J. and Wu, H.-S. (2010) Insulin Releasing and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Acoruscalamus in Vitro and in Vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128, 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.044
Lee, W.K., Kao, S.-T., Liu, I.-M. and Cheng, J.-T. (2006) Increase of Insulin Secretion by Ginsenoside RH2 to Lower Plasma Glucose in Wistar Rats. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04319.x
Rosely, C.D., Melazzo, C., da Luz, S.C.A., Fiappi, A., Prestes, D., Da Silveira, A.F. and Cecim, M. (2004) Syzygiumcumini and the Regeneration of Insulin Positive Cells from the Pancreatic Duct. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Sciences, 41, 236-239.
Bushara, Y.M., Ali, A.M., Ali Omer, M.A., Babiker, A.Y. and Mohammed, M.F. (2016) Assessment of Morphological Changes in Pancreatic Islets of Diabetic Wistar Rats by Artemisia herba alba Treatment. International Journal of Current Research, 8, 31984-31989.
Geiss, J. (2001) The Century of Space Science. Kluwer Academic, Boston, 20.
Boissier, J.R. and Simon, P. (1965) Action of Caffeine on the Spontaneous Motility of the Mouse. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie, 158, 212-221.
Fernagut, P.O. and Chesselet, M.F. (2004) Alpha-Synuclein and Transgenic Mouse Models. Neurobiology of Disease, 17, 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.001
Zaitone, S.A., Abo-Elmatty, D.M. and Elshazly, S.M. (2012) Piracetam and Vinpocetine Ameliorate Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism in Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 44, 774-779. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.103300
Simmons, D.A., Mehta, R.A., Lauterbom, J.C., Gall, C.M. and Lynch, G. (2011) Brief Ampakine Treatments Slow the Progression of Huntington’s Disease Phenotypes in R6/2 Mice. Neurobiology of Disease, 41, 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2010.10.015
Tanriover, G., Seval-Celik, Y., Ozsoy, O., Akkoyunlu, G., Savcioglu, F. and Hacioglu, G. (2010) The Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurturin in Bilateral Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica, 48, 434-441. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10042-010-0047-6
Yun, H.S., Park, M.S., Ji, E.S., Kim, T.W., Ko, I.G., Kim, H.B. and Kim, H. (2014) Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder through Reducing Purkinje Cell Loss and Astrocytic Reaction in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 10, 22-30. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.140092
Brown Gillian, R. and Nemes, C. (2008) The Exploratory Behaviour of Rats in the Hole-Board Apparatus: Is Head-Dipping a Valid Measure of Neophilia? Behavioural Processes, 78, 442-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2008.02.019
Rogacki, N., Lopez-Granch, M., Naimoli, V., Potestio, L., Stevens, R.J., Pichat, P., Bergis, O.E., Cohen, C., Vatry, G.B. and Griebel, G. (2011) The Neurokinin NK2 Antagonist, Saredutant, Ameliorates Stress-Induced Conditions without Impairing Cognition. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 98, 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.017
Deacon, R.M., Croucher, A. and Rawliins, J.N. (2002) Hippocampal Cytotoxic Lesion Effects on Species-Typical Behaviours in Mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 132, 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00401-6
Moriera, E.G., Vassilieff, I. and Vassilieff, V.S. (2001) Developmental Lead Exposure: Behavioral Alterations in the Short and Long Term. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23, 489-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00159-3
Pires, G.N., Alvarenga, T.A., Maia, L.O., Mazaro-Costa, R., Tufik, S. and Andersen, M.L. (2012) Inhibition of Self-Grooming Induced by Sleep Restriction in Dam Rats. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 136, 1025-1030.