Clinical Parameters of Metabolic Control (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) and Deterioration of Peripheral Arterial Perfusion in Type 2 Diabetes — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Clinical Parameters of Metabolic Control (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) and Deterioration of Peripheral Arterial Perfusion in Type 2 Diabetes
Academic Coordination Altiplano Region, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
,
Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
,
Academic Coordination Altiplano Region, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
,
Academic Coordination Altiplano Region, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
1 Academic Coordination Altiplano Region, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
2 Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
3 Academic Coordination Altiplano Region, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
4 Academic Coordination Altiplano Region, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Objective: To determine the relationship between clinical parameters (HbA 1c ) whit metabolic control and deterioration of peripheral arterial perfusion in diabetic patients. Methodology: 108 medical records of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were evaluated. We obtained averages of: blood glucose (162.3 ± 73.10 mg/dl), glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c = 7.64% ± 1.77%), cholesterol (189.28 ± 35.25 mg/dl), triglycerides (189.11 ± 87.76 mg/dl), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP = 119.69 ± 14.95 mmHg), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP = 77.15 ± 9.55 mmHg) and Media Blood Pressure (MBP = 91.36 ± 9.89 mmHg). We correlated variable HbA 1c with vascular injury symptomatology. Results: Correlation was found between sensitivity dysfunction and HbA 1c with a statistical significance of p = 0.01, and a correlation Kendal coefficient w = 0.01, any other parameter of metabolic control was not correlated with symptoms of vascular injury. Conclusion: It is remarkable that the sensitivity dysfunction is a symptom of poorly vascularized lower extremities caused for both functional impairment and structural changes in diabetic patients’ peripheral nerves, even in the preclinical stage of vascular disease. The HbA 1c could also be investigated as a likely sensitivity dysfunction biomarker in DM due to the correlation presented in this study but more studies must be realized.
T. R. Ministry of Health Public Health Agency of Turkey (2014) Turkey Diabetes Program 2015-2020. The Kuban Printing Publishing, Ankara.
International Diabetes Federation (2008) International Curriculum for Diabetes Health Professional Education. B-1000 Brussels, 30-45.
Lozano, R., Gómez-Dantés, H., Garrido-Latorre, F., Jiménez-Corona, A., Campuzano-Rincón, J., Franco-marina, F., Medina-Mora, M., et al. (2013) Burden of Disease, Injuries, Risk Factors and Challenges for the Health System in Mexico. Salud Pública de México, 55, 580-594. https://doi.org/10.21149/spm.v55i6.7304
Escobar, C., Blanes, I., Ruíz, A., Vinuesa, D., Montero, M., Rodríguez, M., Barbera, G. and Manzano, L. (2011) Prevalence and Clinical Profile and Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Elderly Patients with Diabetes. Europan Journal of Internal Medicine, 22, 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2011.02.001
Hernández-ávila, M., Gutiérrez, J. and Reynoso-Noverón, N. (2013) Diabetes Mellitus in Mexico. Status of the Epidemic. Salud Pública de México, 55, SI 29-SI 36.
Okosun, I., Seale, P., Lyn, R. and Davis-Smith, M. (2015) Improving Detection of Prediabetes in Children and Adults: Using Combinations of Blood Glucose Tests. Frontiers in Public Health, 3, 260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00260
Guzmán, J.R., Lyra, R., Aguilar-Salinas, C., Cavalcanti, S., Escano, F., Tambasia, M. and Duarte, E. (2010) Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Latin America: A Consensus Statement by the Medical as Associations of 17 Latin American Countries. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 28, 463-471. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892010001200008
Health Secretary (2013) Diagnosis, Outpatient Control Goals and Timely Reference to Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Adults at the First Level of Care. Health Secretary, Mexico.
Aguilar, F.R., Terán, J. and Escobedo, J.D. (2011) The Pathogenesis of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Prevention and Management. In: Dinh, T., Ed., Global Perspective on Diabetic Ulcerations, In Tech, 155-182. https://doi.org/10.5772/30325
Healh Secretary, National Commission for Social Protection in Health, Human Development Program Opportunities, Institute of Security and Social Services for State Workers, National Institute of Public Health. National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (ENSANUT). United States of Mexico, 2012.
Bowker, J. and Pfeifer, M. (2011) Major and Minor Amputations and Dislocations of the Lower Limb in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. In: Levin and O’Neal, Eds., The Diabetic Foot, Elsevier Mosby, Espana, 409-412.
Hernández, G.A., Jiménez, A.A. and Bacardí, M.G. (2015) Effect of Carbohydrate Diets on Weight Loss and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in People with Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review. Hospital Nutrition, 32, 1960-1966.
General Secretariat, Office of Parliamentary Services, Chamber of Deputies of the H. Congress of the Union (2016) General Law of Health. United Mexican States.
Istek, N. and Karakur, P. (2016) Effect of Activities of Daily Living on Self-Care Agency in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Mellitus, 6, 247-262. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jdm https://doi.org/10.4236/jdm.2016.64026
Gao, J., Wang, J., Zheng, P., Haardorfe, R., Kegler, M.C., Zhu, Y. and Fu, H. (2013) Effects of Self-Care, Self-Efficacy, Social Support on Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. BMC Family Practice, 14, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-66
Health Secretary (2003) Official Mexican Standard NOM 037-SSA2-2002, for Prevention, Treatment and Control of Dyslipidemias. http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/037ssa202.html
Arnold, L.W., Hoy, W.E., Sharma, S.K. and Wand, Z. (2016) The Association between HbA1c and Cardiovascular Disease Markers in a Remote Indigenous Australian Community with and without Diagnosed Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016, Article ID: 5342304. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5342304
Lu, J., Bi, Y., Wang, T., Wang, W., Mu, Y., Zhao, J., Liu, Ch., Chen, L., Shig, L., Li, Q., Wan, Q., Wu, S., Qin, G., Yang, T., Yan, L., Liu, Y., Wang, G., Luo, Z., Tang, X., Chen, G., Huo, Y., Gao, Z., Su, Q., Ye, Z., Wang, Y., Deng, H., Yu, X., Shen, F., Chen, L., Zhao, L., Dai, M., Xu, M., Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Lai, S. and Ning, G. (2014) The Relationship between Insulin-Sensitive Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases in a Chinese Population: Results of the REACTION Study. International Journal of Cardiology, 172, 388-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.073
Sahu, A., Gupta, T., Kavishwar, A. and Singh, R.K. (2015) Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Prediction by Homocysteine in Comparison to Other Markers: A Study from Madhya Pradesh. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 63, 37-40.
Mostafa, S.A., Khunti, K., Srinivasan, B.T., Webb, D., Gray, L.J. and Davies, M.J. (2010) The Potential Impact and Optimal Cut-Points of Using Glycated Haemoglobin, HbA1c, to Detect People with Impaired Glucose Regulation in a UK Multi-Ethnic Cohort. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 90, 100-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.06.008
Scicali, R., Giral, P., Gallo, A., Di Pino, A., Rabuazzo, A.M., Purrello, F., Cluzel, P., Redheuil, A., Bruckert, E. and Rosenbaum, D. (2016) HbA1c Increase Is Associated with Higher Coronary and Peripheral Atherosclerotic Burden in Non Diabetic Patients. Atherosclerosis, 255, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.003
Yoon, H.-J., Lee, Y.-H., Ra, S.K., Hyungtaek, T.R., Young, E.L., Seok, E.K., Cha, B.-S., Chul, H.L. and Lee, B.-W. (2015) Glycated Albumin and the Risk of Micro- and Macrovascular Complications in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 14, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-015-0219-y
Fiorentino, T.V., Andreozzi, F., Mannino, G.C., Pedace, E., Perticone, M., Sciacqua, A., Perticone, F. and Sesti, G. (2016) One-Hour Postload Hyperglycemia Confers Higher Risk of Hepatic Steatosis to HbA1c-Defined Prediabetic Subjects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101, 4030-4038. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1856
Ramesh, R., Adhishwar Kumaran, N., KuzhandaiVelu, V., Reeta, R., SathishBabu, M. and Niranjan, G. (2015) Association between Hepato-Biliary Status and HbA1C in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Journal of Diabetes Mellitus, 5, 67-71. https://doi.org/10.4236/jdm.2015.52008
Dyck, P.J., Albers, J.W., Andersen, H., Arezzo, J.C., Biessels, G.J., Bril, V., Feldman, E.L., Litchy, W.J., O’Brien, P.C., Russell, J.W. and Toronto Expert Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy (2011) Diabetic Polyneuropathies: Update on Research Definition, Diagnostic Criteria and Estimation of Severity. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 27, 620-628.
Centro Nacional de Excelencia Tecnológica en Salud (2009) Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad arterial periférica. Secretaría de Salud, México.
Schaper, N.C., Andros, G., Apelqvist, J., Bakker, K., Lammer, J., Lepantalo, M., Mills, J.L., Reekers, J., Shearman, C.P., Zierler, R.E. and Hinchliffe, R.J. (2012) Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Diabetic Patients with a Foot Ulcer. A Progress Report of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews, 28, 218-224. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2255
Montero-Monterroso, J.L., Gascón-Jiménez, J.A., Vargas-Rubio, M.D., Quero-Salado, C., Villalba-Marín, P. and Pérula-de Torres, L.A. (2015) Prevalencia y factores asociados a la enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en atención primaria. SEMERGEN—Medicina de Familia, 41, 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2014.05.004
Pataky, Z., de LeonRodriguez, D., Allet, L., Golay, A., Assal, M., Assal, J.P. and Hauert, C.A. (2010) Biofeedback for Foot Offloading in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy. Diabetic Medicine, 27, 61-64.
Clayton, W.J. and Elasy, T.A. (2009) A Review of the Pathophysiology, Classification, and Treatment of Foot Ulcers in Diabetic Patients. Clinical Diabetes, 27, 52-58. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.27.2.52
Huijberts M.S., Schaper, N.C. and Schalkwijk, C.G. (2008) Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetic Foot Disease. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews, 24, S19-S24. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.861