In this work, low cost coconut biochar based activated carbon (CBAC) was used for adsorption of Butylparaben (BPB) from aqueous medium. The prepared CBAC was characterized using BET, Boehm analysis and the adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics studies of BPB adsorption were carried out. During batch adsorption runs, the effects of factors, such as contact time (0 - 300 min), CBAC dose (200 - 800 mg), pH (3 - 11) and solution temperatures (303 - 348 K) were investigated on BPB removal. Experimental results reveal that the BPB removal efficiency on CBAC is higher than 97% under acidic and neutral conditions. Equilibrium data were fitted by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with correlation coefficient more than 0.9. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was observed to fit well the adsorption data. Thermodynamic analysis shows positive values of standard Gibb’s free energy, suggesting the non-spontaneity of the process. The changes in enthalpy (0.2 J.mol - 1 ) and entropy (19 J.mol - 1 ) were found to be endothermic with an increase of randomness. The high adsorption efficiency of the synthesized coconut biochar materials with low cost indicates that it may be a promising adsorbent for removing organic compounds.
World Health Organization. (2002) Global Assessment of The State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors.
Golden, R., Gandy, J. and Vollmer, G. (2005) A Review of the Endocrine Activity of Parabens and Implications for Potential Risk to Human Health. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 35, 435-458. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440490920104
Gryglik, D., Lach, M. and Miller, J.S. (2009) The Aqueous Photosensitized Degradation of Butylparaben. Photochemical & Photobiological Science, 8, 549-555. https://doi.org/10.1039/b817846a
Bledzska, D., Gryglik, D. and Miller, J.S. (2009) Photodegradation of Butylparaben in Aqueous Solutions by 254 nm Irradiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 203, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.01.006
Tay, K.S., Rahman, N.A. and Abas, M.R.B. (2010) Kinetic Studies of the Degradation of Parabens in Aqueous Solution by Ozone Oxidation. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 8, 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0229-7
Radovan, C., Cinghita, D., Manea, F., Mincea, M., Cofan, C. and Ostafe, V. (2008) Electrochemical Sensing and Assessment of Parabens in Hydro-Alcoholic Solutions and Water Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Sensor, 8, 4330-4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8074330
Terasaki, M., Takemura, Y. and Makino, M. (2012) Paraben Chlorinated Derivatives in River Waters. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 10, 401-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-012-0367-1
Terasaka, S., Inoue, A., Tanji, M. and Kiyama, R. (2006) Expression Profiling of Estrogen-Responsive Genes in Breast Cancer Cells Treated with Alkylphenols, Chlorinated Phenols, Parabens, or Bis- and Benzoylphenols for Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity. Toxicology Letters, 163, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.10.005
Tavares, R.S., Martins, F.C., Oliveira, P.J., Ramalho-Santos, J. and Peixoto, F.P. (2009) Paraben in Male Infertility Is There a Mitochondrial Connection? Reproductive Toxicology, 27, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.10.002
Gomez, M.J., Sirtori, C., Mezcua, M., Fernandez-Alba, A.R. and Aguera, A. (2008) Photodegradation Study of Three Dipyrone Metabolites in Various Water Systems: Identification and Toxicity of Their Photodegradation Products. Water Research, 42, 2698-2706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.022
Atheba, P., Drogui, P., Seyhi, B. and Robert, D. (2013) Photo-Degradation of Butyl Parahydroxybenzoate by Using TiO2-Supported Catalyst. Water Science and Technology, 67, 2141-2147. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.117
Boutemedjet, S., Hamdaoui, O., Merouani, S. and Pétrier, C. (2016) Sonochemical Degradation of Endocrine Disruptor Propylparaben in Pure Water, Natural Water, and Seawater. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 27816-27826. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1177600
Daghrir, R., Diboukou-Mpira, A., Seyhi, B. and Drogui, P. (2014) Photosonochemical Degradation of Butyl-Paraben: Optimization, Toxicity and Kinetic Studies. Science of The Total Environment, 490, 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.006
Atheba, G.P., Allou, N.B., Dongui, B.K., Kra, D.O., Gbassi, K.G. and Trokourey, A. (2015) Butyl Paraben Adsorption on Coal Based on Low Cost of Coconut Shells from Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 13, 530-541.
Lee, H.B., Peart, T.E. and Svoboda, M.L. (2005) Determination of Endocrine-Disrupting Phenols, Acidic Pharmaceuticals, and Personal-Care Products in Sewage by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1094, 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.070
Radjenovic, J., Bagastyo, A., Batstone, D. and Keller, J. (2014) Electrochemical Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Concentrates. Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, 644-651. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_136
Senthilkumar, T., Chattopadhyay, S.K. and Miranda, L.R. (2017) Optimization of Activated Carbon Preparation from Pomegranate Peel (Punica Granatum Peel) using RSM. Chemical Engineering Communications, 204, 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2016.1262358
Koçer, O. and Acemioğlu, B. (2016) Adsorption of Basic Green 4 from Aqueous Solution by Olive Pomace and Commercial Activated Carbon: Process Design, Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 16653-16669. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1080194
Atheba, P., Gbassi, G.K., Dongui, B., Bamba, D., Yolou, F.S. and Trokourey, A. (2014) études de la Porosité, de la Surface Spécifique et des Fonctions de Surface de Charbons Actifs Préparés après Carbonisation Artisanale des Coques de Noix de Coco. Technologies de Laboratoire, 8, 126-136.
Atheba, G.P. (2009) Traitement des Eaux par Action Combinée de la Photocatalyse et de l’Adsorption sur Charbon Actif: Conception et Réalisation du Procédé. Thèse de doctorat, Université Paul Verlaine, Metz.
Salame, I.I., Bagreev, A. and Bandosz, T.J. (1999) Revisiting the Effect of Surface Chemistry on Adsorption of Water on Activated Carbons. Journal Physical Chemistry B, 103, 3877-3884. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984453q
Zue, M.M., Makani, T. and Eba, F. (2016) Removal of Mn (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Activated Carbons Prepared from Coula Edulis Nut Shell. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 9, 226-237. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2016.226.237
Chen, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Yue, Q., Li, Y. and Li, C. (2010) Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Methyl Orange and Methyl Violet Adsorption on Activated Carbon Derived from Phragmites australis. Desalination, 252, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.10.010
Seyhi, B., Drogui, P., Gortares-Moroyoqui, P., Estrada-Alvarado, M.I. and Alvarez, L.H. (2014) Adsorption of an Organochlorine Pesticide Using Activated Carbon Produced from an Agro-Waste Material. Journal of Chemical Technology Biotechnology, 89, 1811-1816. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4256
Kra, D.O., Kouadio, N.A., Atheba, G.P., Coulibaly, B., Allou, N.B., Gbassi, K.G. and Trokourey, A. (2015) Modeling of the Adsorbent Properties of Activated Carbons Resulting from Two Varieties of Acacia (Auriculiformis and Mangium). International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 13, 542-553.
Aboua, K.N., Yeboue, Y.A., Yao, K.B., Goné, D.L. and Trokourey, A. (2015) Investigation of Dye Adsorption onto Activated Carbon from the Shells of Macoré Fruit. Journal of Environment Management, 156, 10-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.006
Heibati, B., Rodriguez-Couto S., Amrane, A., Rafatullah, M., Hawari, A. and Al Ghouti, M.A. (2014) Uptake of Reactive Black 5 by Pumice and Walnut Activated Carbon: Chemistry and Adsorption Mechanisms. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20, 2939-2947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.063
Isah, U.A., Abdulraheem, G., Bala, S., Muhammad, S. and Abdullahi, M. (2015) Kinetics, Equilibrium and Thermodynamics Studies ff C.I. Reactive Blue 19 Dye Adsorption on Coconut Shell Based Activated Carbon. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 102, 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.006
Hawari, A., Rawajfih, Z. and Nsour, N. (2009) Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Analysis of Zinc Ions Adsorption by Olive Oil Mill Solid Residues. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 1284-1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.014
Jawad, A.H., Rashid, R.A., Ishak, M.A.M. and Wilson, L.D. (2016) Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Activated Carbon Developed from Biomass Waste by H2SO4 Activation: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 25194-25206. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1144534
Bhatnagar, A. and Jain, A.K. (2005) A Comparative Adsorption Study with Different Industrial Wastes as Adsorbents for the Removal of Cationic Dyes from Water. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 281, 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.076
Azmi, N.H., Ali, U.F.Md., Ridwan, F.M., Isa, K.Md., Zulkurnai, N.Z. and Aroua, M.K. (2016) Preparation of Activated Carbon Using Sea Mango (Cerbera odollam) with Microwave Assisted Technique for the Removal of Methyl Orange from Textile Wastewater. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 29143-29152. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1168134
Timbo, C.C., Kandawa-Schulz, M., Amuanyena, M. and Kwaambwa, H.M. (2017) Adsorptive Removal from Aqueous Solution of Cr(VI) by Green Moringa Tea Leaves Biomass. Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences, 7, 108-119. https://doi.org/10.4236/jeas.2017.72008
Djilani, C., Zaghdoudi, R., Djazi, F., Bouchekima, B., Lallam, A., Modarressi, A. and Rogalski, M. (2015) Adsorption of Dyes on Activated Carbon Prepared from Apricot Stones and Commercial Activated Carbon. Journal of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineering, 53, 112-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.025
Allou, N.B., Saikia, J. and Goswamee, R.L. (2018) Use of Calcined Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxides to Regulate Endocrine Disruptor Methylparaben in Excess as Adsorbent and as Control Releasing Agent in Normal Situations. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6, 1189-1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.015
N’guyen, C. and Do, D.D. (2001) The Dubinin-Radushkevich Equation and the Underlying Microscopic Adsorption Description. Carbon, 39, 1327-1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00265-7
Horsfall Jnr, M. and Spiff, A.I. (2005) Effect of Metal Ion Concentration on the Biosorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by Caladium Bicolor (Wild Cocoyam). African Journal of Biotechnology, 4, 191-196.
Boopathy, R., Karthikeyan, S., Mandal, A.B. and Sekaran, G. (2013) Adsorption of Ammonium Ion by Coconut Shell-Activated Carbon from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 533-542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0911-3
Behnamfard, A. and Salarirad, M.M. (2013) Characterization of Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbon and its Application in the Removal of Zn(II) from Its Aqueous Solution by Adsorption. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52, 7180-7195.
Chraibi, S., Moussout, H., Boukhlifi, F., Ahlafi, H. and Alami, M. (2016) Utilization of Calcined Eggshell Waste as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences, 6, 132-146. https://doi.org/10.4236/jeas.2016.64010
Nethaji, S., Sivasamy, A. and Mandal, A.B. (2013) Preparation and Characterization of Corn Cob Activated Carbon Coated with Nano-Sized Magnetite Particles for the Removal of Cr (VI). Bioresource Technology, 134, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.012
Largitte, L. and Laminie, J. (2015) Modelling the Lead Concentration Decay in the Adsorption of Lead onto a Granular Activated Carbon. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 474-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.12.020