Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Electric Field of the Ocean Induced by Diffusion
Laboratory of Hydrochemistry, V.Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Vladivostok, Russia
- 1 Laboratory of Hydrochemistry, V.Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Vladivostok, Russia
Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications·Volume 07 (2015)·Pages 10–18·Published 15 January 2015·DOI10.4236/jemaa.2015.71002
Copy link · social · email
Abstract
The equations for gradient of electric field in seawater induced by gradients of salinity, temperature and pressure were developed by means of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Extrathermodynamic assumptions and accepted chemical model of seawater permit to carry out numerical calculations of electric field caused by diffusion, thermodiffusion and barodiffusion for realistic hydrophysical structure of the ocean. It is shown that contribution of barodiffusion into electric field of the ocean is almost constant (about -3 × 10 -7 V/M). This magnitude can be ignored in many cases because it is too small. However natural salinity and temperature gradients significantly impact into electric field of the ocean.
KeywordsElectric FieldSeawaterDiffusionThermodiffusionBarodiffusionPitzer Method
- Palshin, N.A., Vanyan, L.L. and Kaikkonen, P. (1996) On-Shore Amplification of the Electric Field Induced by a Coastal Sea Current. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 94, 269-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03098-0
- Palshin, N.A. (1996) Oceanic Electromagnetic Studies: A Review. Surveys in Geophysics, 17, 455-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901641
- Longuet-Higgins, M.S., Stern, M.E. and Stommel, H. (1954) The Electrical Field Induced by Ocean Currents and Waves with Applications to Method of Towed Electrodes. Physical Oceanography and Meteorology, 13, 37.
- Cox, C. (1980) Electromagnetic Induction in the Oceans and Inferences of the Constitution of the Earth. Surveys in Geophysics, 4, 137-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01452963
- Semenchenko, V.K. (1941) Physical Theory of the Solutions. Leningrad, Moscow. (In Russian)
- Tishchenko, P.Ya. (1984) Contribution of Diffusion Processes into Formation of Electric Field of the Ocean. Dokladi Akademii Nauk, 279, 1234-1238. (In Russian)
- Tishchenko, P.Ya. (1991) EMF Method for Measurements of the Electric Field in the Ocean. VINITI, Moscow, No. 165-B91. (In Russian)
- De Groot, S.R. and Mazur, P. (1962) Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.
- Kirkwood, J.G., Baldwin, R.L., Dunlop, P.J., Gosing, L.J. and Kegeles, G. (1960) Flow Equations and Frames of Reference for Isothermal Diffusion in Liquids. Journal of Chemical Physics, 33, 1505-1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1731433
- Agar, J.N. (1963) Thermogalvanic Cells. In: Delahay, P., Ed., Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Interscience, New York, 31-120.
- De Groot, S.R. (1951) Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. North-Holland Publishing Comp., Amsterdam.
- DOE (1994) Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea water. Version 2, Dickson, A.G. and Goyet, C., Eds., ORNL/CDIAC-74, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
- Poisson, A., Perie, M., Perie, J. and Chemla, M. (1979) Individual Equivalent Conductances of the Major Ions in Seawater. Journal of Solution Chemistry, 8, 377-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646790
- Pitzer, K.S. (1973) Thermodynamics of Electrolytes. I. Theoretical Basis and General Equations. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 77, 268-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100621a026