Sequential Extraction and Mobility Factor of Metals in the Urban Soil of Warri-Nigeria (A Case Study of the Environment of Esisi Open Dump) — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Sequential Extraction and Mobility Factor of Metals in the Urban Soil of Warri-Nigeria (A Case Study of the Environment of Esisi Open Dump)
College of Education, Warri, Nigeria
,
Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria
1 College of Education, Warri, Nigeria
2 Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria
Sequential fractionation of Cr, Zn, Pb and Mn in soil samples collected 5 m - 104 m away from Esisi open dump was determined to evaluate the potential health danger posed by the metals. Spatial test soil samples were collected at various increasing distances (5 m - 104 m) from the epicentre of the dump using a stainless steel auger. Tessier’s sequential extraction protocols were employed. The concentrations of the metals in the various fractions were determined, the fractions are exchangeable fraction, carbonate fraction, Fe-Mn oxide fraction, organic fraction and residual fraction. The metals were found mostly concentrated in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction. This study has provided information on the mobility factors and chemical forms of Cr, Zn, Pb and Mn in the soil of the environment of Esisi open dump and the environmental risk of the metals in the environment of Esisi open dump.
Ali, H. and Khan, E. (2018) Bioaccumulation of Non-Essential Hazardous Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Freshwater Fish. Risk to Human Health. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 16, 903-917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0734-7
Ghaffar Ebadi, A. and Hikmat, H. (2018) Physicochemical Characterization of Sediments from Tajan River Basin in the Northern Iran. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 100, 540-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2018.1460929
Odika, P.O., Anike, O.L., Onuvue, M., Odika, N.F. and Ejeckam, R.B. (2020) Assessment of Environmental Geochemistry of Lead-Zinc Mining at Ishiagu Area, Lower Benue Trough South Eastern Nigeria. Earth Science Research, 9, 31. https://doi.org/10.5539/esr.v9n1p31
Teng, Y., Wu, J., Lu, S., Wang, Y., Jiao, X. and Song, L. (2014) Soil Environmental Quality Monitoring in China: A Review. Environment International, 69, 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.014
Lu, Y., Jenkins, A., Ferrier, R.C., Bailey, M., Gordon, I.J., Song, S., Huang, J., Jia, S., Zhang, F. and Liu, X. (2015) Addressing China’s Grand Challenge of Achieving Food Security While Ensuring Environmental Sustainability. Science Advances, 1, e1400039. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400039
Ataikiru, H., Okieimen, F.E. and Umumarongie, E.G. (2009) Concentration and Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils of Warri, Nigeria. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 25, 89-96.
Tokalioglu, S., Kartal, S. and Elci, L. (2000) Determination of Heavy Metals and Their Speciation in Lake Sediments by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after a Four Stage Sequential Extraction Procedure. Analytica Chimica Acta, 413, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00726-1
Das, A. and Chakraborty, R. (1997) Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the Study of Metal Ion Speciation. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 357, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160050102
Gismera, M.J, Lacal, J., Silva, P., Garcia, R., Sevilla, M.T. and Procopio, J.R. (2004) Study of Metal Fractionation in River Sediments. A Companion between Kinetic and Sequential Extraction Procedures. Environmental Pollution, 127, 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.004
Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C. and Bisson, M. (1979) Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844-851. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017
Cezary, K. and Bal, R.S. (2001) Fraction and Mobility of Copper, Lead and Zinc in the Vicinity of a Copper Smelter. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 485-492. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.302485x
Elass, K., Laachach, A. and Azzi, M. (2003) Etude de la biodisponibilite des metauxlourds dans les sols agricoles irrigues par des eaux pollutes. Rev Francophone d’ Ecologie Ind, 32, 1-6.
Zhong, X., Zhou, S., Zhu, Q. and Zhao, Q. (2011) Fraction Distribution and Bioavailability of Soil Heavy Metals in the Yangtze River Delta—A Case Study of Kunshan City in Jiangsu Province, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 198, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.003
Sungur, A., Soylak, M., Yilmaz, E., Yilmaz, S. and Ozcan, H. (2015) Characterization of Heavy Metal Fractions in Agricultural Soils by Sequential Extraction Procedure: The Relationship between Soil Properties and Heavy Metal Fractions. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 24, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2014.907238
Ataikiru, H. and Okieimen, F.E. (2016) Distribution Pattern and Availability of Heavy Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of an Open Dumpsite in Warri, Nigeria. Pollution Research, 35, 459-467.
Ataikiru, H. (2021) Waste “Liability and Asset” for National Sustainability. Inaugural Lecture Series, No. 5 of the College of Education, Warri.
National Population Census, 2006.
Pizzaro, J., Rubio, A.M. and Castillo, X. (2003) Study of Chemical Speciation in Sediments: An Approach to Vertical Metals Distribution in Rapel Reservoir (Chile). Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 28, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072003000300009
Zauyah, S., Noorhafizahe, J.B., Fauziah, C.I. and Rosenani, A.B. (2004) Concentration and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Some Cultivated and Uncultivated Ultisols and Inceptisols in Peninsular Makatsua. Supersoil 2004: 3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conference, Sydney, 5-9 December 2004.
Zhang, L. and Zhao, G. (1996) Applied Geochemistry, 11, 217-222. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.3950110202
Nacghtegaal, M. and Sparks, D. (2004) Effect of Iron Oxide Coatings on Zinc Sorption Mechanisms at the Clay—Mineral Water Interface. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 276, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.031
Asagba, E.U., Okieimen, F.E. and Osakpor, J. (2007) Screening and Speciation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil from an Automobile Spare Parts Market. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 19, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.3184/095422907X198022
Horsfall, M. and Spiff, A. (2005) Speciation and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sediment of Dioubu River, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 6, 20-36.
Osakwe, S.A. and Egharevba, F. (2008) Sequential Fractionation of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Chromium in Soils around Municipal Solid Waste Dumps in Agbor, Nigeria. J. Chem. Soc. Nig, 33, 139-147.
Kabala, C. and Singh, B.R. (2001) Fractionation and Mobility of Copper, Lead and Zinc in Soil Profiles in the Vicinity of a Copper Smelter. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 485-492. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.302485x
Birch, G., Saika, M. and Owen, C. (2001) The Source of Anthropogenic Heavy Metals in Fluvial Sediments of a Rural Catchment, Cox River, Australia. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 126, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005258123720
Iwegbue, C.M.A. (2007) Metal Fractionation in Soil Profiles at Automobile Mechanic Waste Dumps. Waste Management Research, 25, 585-593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07080761
Ramos, L., Hernandoz, L. and Gonzalez, M. (1994) Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 50-57. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300010009x