Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in mangroves has drawn much attention, but knowledge of the sorption of PAHs in mangrove sediment is limited. This study investigated the particles and water-stable aggregates (WSA) of mangrove sediment in Jiulong River Estuary, China, and the characteristics of anthracene adsorption to them. The adsorption of anthracene was strongly influenced by the physicochemical and structural properties of sediment particles and WSA. The main sorbents of mangrove sediment were carbonized particles and clays. The porous structure of carbonized particles made it easy to sequestrate sequester the anthracene, and the aging allowed anthracene to move into deeper sites of the carbonized particles. Clays had high anthracene-fixing capacities, and they included organic matters and formed aggregates. The sorption contents coefficient K f of anthracene with WSA of different sizes increased in the order 0.063 - 0.25 mm > 0.063 mm > 0.25 - 1.0 mm > 1.0 mm. The order was correlated with which due to the contents and characteristics of organic matters in the aggregates.
Shen, H.Z., Huang, Y., Wang, R., Zhu, D., Li, W., Shen, G.F., Wang, B., Zhang, Y.Y., Chen, Y.C., Lu, Y., Chen, H., Li, T.C., Sun, K., Li, B.G., Liu,W.X., Liu, J.F. and Tao, S. (2013) Global Atmospheric Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from 1960 to 2008 and Future Prediction. Environmental Science & Technology, 47, 6415-6424. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400857z
Bayen, S. (2012) Occurrence, Bioavailability and Toxic Effects of Trace Metals and Organic Contaminants in Mangrove Ecosystems: A Review. Environment International, 48, 84-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.07.008
Zhang, Z.W., Xu, X.R., Sun, Y.X., Yu, S., Chen, Y.S. and Peng, J.X. (2014) Heavy metal and Organic Contaminants in Mangrove Ecosystems of China: A Review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 11938-11950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3100-8
Wang, Y.S. and Gu, J.D. (2021) Ecological Responses, Adaptation and Mechanisms of Mangrove Wetland Ecosystem to Global Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 162, Article ID: 105248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105248
Raza, M., Zakaria, M.P., Hashim, N.R., Yim, U.H., Kannan, N. and Ha, S.Y. (2013) Composition and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mangrove Sediments of Peninsular Malaysia: Indication of Anthropogenic Input. Environmental Earth Sciences, 70, 2425-2436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2279-1
Neba, G., Anyinkeng, N., Mumbang, C. and Fonge, A. (2021) Benthic Algal Community in Relationship to Perturbation in the Tiko Mangrove Estuary Cameroon. Open Journal of Ecology, 11, 540-564. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2021.117035
Qiu, Y.W., Qiu, H.L., Li, J. and Zhang, G. (2018) Bioaccumulation and Cycling of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Typical Mangrove Wetlands of Hainan Island, South China. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 75, 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-0548-4
Balu, S., Bhunia, S., Gachhui, R. and Mukherjee, J. (2020) Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination in the Sundarbans, the World’s Largest Tidal Mangrove Forest and Indigenous Microbial Mixed Biofilm-Based Removal of the Contaminants. Environmental Pollution, 266, Article ID: 115270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115270
Verane, J., dos Santos, N.C.P., da Silva, V.L., de Almeida, M., de Oliveira, O.M.C. and Moreira, í.T.A. (2020) Phytoremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Mangrove Sediments Using Rhizophora mangle. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160, Article ID: 111687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111687
Garcia, M.R. and Martins, C.C. (2021) A Systematic Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in South Atlantic Subtropical Mangrove Wetlands under a Coastal Zone Development Scenario. Journal of Environmental Management, 277, Article ID: 111421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111421
Tian, Y., Liu, H.J., Zheng, T.L., Kwon, K.K., Kim, S.J. and Yan, C.L. (2008) PAHs Contamination and Bacterial Communities in Mangrove Surface Sediments of the Jiulong River Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 57, 707-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.011
Wongwongsee, W., Chareanpat, P. and Pinyakong, O. (2013) Abilities and Genes for PAH Biodegradation of Bacteria Isolated from Mangrove Sediments from the Central of Thailand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 74, 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.025
Moghadam, M.S., Ebrahimipour, G., Abtahi, B., Ghassempour, A. and Hashtroudi, M.S. (2014) Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by a Bacterial Consortium Enriched from Mangrove Sediments. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 12, Article No. 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-014-0114-6
Bacosa, H.P. and Inoue, C. (2015) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Biodegradation Potential and Diversity of Microbial Consortia Enriched from Tsunami Sediments in Miyagi, Japan. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283, 689-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.068
Chen, J.L., Wong, Y.S. and Tam, N.F.Y. (2009) Static and Dynamic Sorption of Phenanthrene in Mangrove Sediment Slurry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 1422-1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.043
Chen, J.L., Wong, M.H., Wong, Y.S. and Tam, N.F.Y. (2011) Modeling Sorption and Biodegradation of Phenanthrene in Mangrove Sediment Slurry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190, 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.060
Weissenfels, W.D., Klewer, H.J. and Langhoff, J. (1992) Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Soil Particles: Influence on Biodegradability and Biotoxicity. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36, 689-696. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00183251
Lu, Z., Zeng F.G., Xue, N.D. and Li, F.S. (2012) Occurrence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Organo-Mineral Particles of Alluvial Sandy Soil Profiles at a Petroleum-Contaminated Site. Science of the Total Environment, 433, 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.036
Müller, S., Wilcke, W., Kanchanakool, N. and Zech, W. (2000) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Particle-Size Separates of Urban Soils in Bangkok, Thailand. Soil Science, 165, 412-419. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200005000-00005
Krauss, M. and Wilcke, W. (2002) Sorption Strength of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Particle-Size Fractions of Urban Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, 430-437. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.4300
Reid, B.J., Jones, K.C. and Semple, K.T. (2000) Bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Soils and Sediments—A Perspective on Mechanisms, Consequences and Assessment. Environmental Pollution, 108, 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00206-7
Amellal, N., Portal, J.M. and Berthelin, J. (2001) Effect of Soil Structure on the Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons within Aggregates of a Contaminated Soil. Applied Geochemistry, 16, 1611-1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00034-8
Amellal, N., Portal, J.M., Vogel, T. and Berthelin, J. (2001) Distribution and Location of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH-Degrading Bacteria within Polluted Soil Aggregates. Biodegradation, 12, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011909107858
Huang, Q., Li, F.S. and Hong, C. (2007) Aging Behaviour of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Organo-Mineral Aggregates from Black Soil. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 27, 937-940.
Haritash, A.K. and Kaushik, C.P. (2009) Biodegradation Aspects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A Review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.137
Ghosh, U., Gillette, J.S., Luthy, R.G. and Zare, R.N. (2000) Microscale Location, Characterization, and Association of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Harbor Sediment Particles. Environmental Science & Technology, 34, 1729-1736. https://doi.org/10.1021/es991032t
Wang, X.C., Zhang, Y.X. and Chen, R.F. (2001) Distribution and Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Size Fractions in Sediments from Boston Harbor, United States. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 1139-1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00129-1
Rockne, K.J., Shor, L.M., Young, L.Y., Taghon, G.L. and Kosson, D.S. (2002) Distributed Sequestration and Release of PAHs in Weathered Sediment: The Role of Sediment Structure and Organic Carbon Properties. Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 2636-2644. https://doi.org/10.1021/es015652h
Talley, J.W., Ghosh, U., Tucker, S.G., Furey, J.S. and Luthy, R.G. (2002) Particle-Scale Understanding of the Bioavailability of PAHs in Sediment. Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010897f
Ni, J.Z., Luo, Y.M., Wei, R. and Li, X.H. (2008) Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Particle Size Separates and Density Fractions of Typical Agricultural Soils in the Yangtze River Delta, East China. European Journal of Soil Science, 59, 1020-1026. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01066.x
Yang, Y., Ligouis, B., Pies, C., Grathwohl, P. and Thilo, H. (2008) Occurrence of Coal and Coal-Derived Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a River Floodplain Soil. Environmental Pollution, 151, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.02.020
Page, A.L. (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis. 2nd Edition, ASA Press, New York.
Elliott, E.T. (1986) Aggregate Structure and Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Native and Cultivated Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50, 627-633. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030017x
Hatzinger, P.B. and Alexander, M. (1995) Effects of Aging of Chemicals in Soil on Their Biodegradability and Extractability. Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 537-545. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00002a033
Li, J.G., Sun, H.W. and Zhang, Y. (2007) Desorption of Pyrene from Freshly-Amended and Aged Soils and Its Relationship to Bioaccumulation in Earthworms. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 16, 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320380601079665
Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. (2005) Dissipation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshly Contaminated Soils—The Effect of Soil Physicochemical Properties and Aging. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 168, 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-0940-3
Mechlińska, A., Gdaniec-Pietryka, M., Wolska, L. and Namieśnik, J. (2009) Evolution of Models for Sorption of PAHs and PCBs on Geosorbents. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 28, 466-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2009.01.005
Tam, N.F.Y., Ke, L., Wang, X.H. and Wong, Y.S. (2001) Contamination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments of Mangrove Swamps. Environmental Pollution, 114, 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00212-8
Zhang, J., Cai, L.Z., Yuan, D.X. and Chen, M. (2004) Distribution and Sources of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mangrove Surficial Sediments of Deep Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49, 479-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.02.030
Tisdall, J.M. and Oades, J.M. (1982) Organic Matter and Water-Stable Aggregates in Soils. Journal of Soil Science, 33, 141-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1982.tb01755.x
Flores-Cervantes, D.X., Plata, D.L., MacFarlane, J.K., Reddy, C.M. and Gschwend, P.M. (2009) Black Carbon in Marine Particulate Organic Carbon: Inputs and Cycling of Highly Recalcitrant Organic Carbon in the Gulf of Maine. Marine Chemistry, 113, 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.012
Sánchen-García, L., Cato, I. and Gustafsson, Ö. (2010) Evaluation of the Influence of Black Carbon on the Distribution of PAHs in Sediments from along the Entire Swedish Continental Shelf. Marine Chemistry, 119, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.12.005
Xia, X.H., Li, Y.R., Zhou, Z. and Feng, C.L. (2010) Bioavailability of Adsorbed Phenanthrene by Black Carbon and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Agrobacterium. Chemosphere, 78, 1329-1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.007