Elemental Composition of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> in the Industrial Area of Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Elemental Composition of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> in the Industrial Area of Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
Laboratoire des Sciences de la Matière, de l’Environnement et de l’Energie Solaire, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (CNESTEN), Direction of Studies and Scientific Researches, Rabat, Morocco
,
Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire des Sciences de la Matière, de l’Environnement et de l’Energie Solaire, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Autorité de Radioprotection, de Sûreté et Sécurité Nucléaires, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (CNESTEN), Direction of Studies and Scientific Researches, Rabat, Morocco
,
Autorité de Radioprotection, de Sûreté et Sécurité Nucléaires, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
1 Laboratoire des Sciences de la Matière, de l’Environnement et de l’Energie Solaire, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
2 National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (CNESTEN), Direction of Studies and Scientific Researches, Rabat, Morocco
3 Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
4 Laboratoire des Sciences de la Matière, de l’Environnement et de l’Energie Solaire, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
5 Autorité de Radioprotection, de Sûreté et Sécurité Nucléaires, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
6 National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (CNESTEN), Direction of Studies and Scientific Researches, Rabat, Morocco
7 Autorité de Radioprotection, de Sûreté et Sécurité Nucléaires, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
This paper describes the evaluation of trace element composition of atmospheric aerosol particles (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) and their influence on air quality in the largest industrial area of Abidjan city, C?te d’Ivoire. Multi-week sampling was conducted in an urban site (industrial area) in Abidjan from April 2018 to July 2019. The mean mass concentration was 48.83 ± 15.24 μg/m 3 for PM 2.5 and 77.34 ± 10.91 μg/m 3 for PM 10 , with significant temporal variability. The average ratio of PM 2.5 /PM 10 was 0.64 ± 0.21. The concentration of BC in PM 2.5 and PM 10 was respectively 52.32 ± 7.48 μg/m 3 and 52.26 ± 12.07 μg/m 3 . Twenty-two elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr and Pb were analysed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Elemental composition data were modeled using principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation to determine two (2) and four (4) dominant source categories contributing to PM 2.5 and PM 10 respectively. In the case of fine particles PM 2.5 , the possible sources were Industrial activities and non-exhaust emissions, exhaust emissions. The PM 10 sources were industrial activities and non-exhaust emissions, industrial processes, mineral dust, and waste combustion.
Dey, S., Gupta, S. and Uma, M. (2014) Study of Particulate Matter, Heavy Metals and Gasoues Pollutants at Gopalpur at Tropical Industrial Site in Eastern India. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 8, 1-13. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jestft/papers/vol8-issue2/Version-1/A08210113.pdf https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-08210113
Srimuruganandam, B. and Nagenrda, S.M.S. (2012) Application of Positive Matrix Factorization in Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 Emission Sources at Urban Roadside. Chemosphere, 88, 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.083
Hutchison, G.R., Brown, D.M., Hibbs, L.R., Heal, M.R., Donaldson, K., Maynard, R.L., Monaghan, M., Nicholl, A. and Stone, V. (2005) The Effect of Refurbishing a UK Steel Plant on PM10 Metal Composition and Ability to Induce Inflammation. Respiratory Research, 6, 622-632. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-6-43
Ito, K., Christensen, W.F., Eatough, J.D., Henry, R.C., Kim, E., Laden, F., Lall, F., Larson, T.V., Neas, L., Hopke, P.K. and Thurston, G.D. (2006) PM Source Apportionment and Health Effects 2. An Investigation of Intermethod Variability in Associations between Source-Apportioned Fine Particle Mass and Daily Mortality in Washington, DC. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 16, 300-310. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500464
Renwick, L.C., Donaldson, K. and Clouter, A. (2001) Impairment of Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis by Ultrafine Particles. Toxicology Applied Pharmacology, 172, 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9128
Karl, T.R., Nicholls, N. and Gregory, J. (1997) The Coming Climate. Scientific American, 276, 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0597-78
Cahill, T.A. (1996) Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols: The Role for PIXE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 109-110, 402-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(95)00944-2
Schwartz, J. and Neas, L. (2000) Fine Particles Are More Strongly Associated than Coarse Particles with Acute Respiratory Health Effects in Schoolchildren. Epidemiology, 11, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200001000-00004
Horvath, H. (1998) Influence of Atmospheric Aerosols upon the Global Radiation Balance. In: Harrison, R.M. and Van Grieken, R.E., Eds., Atmospheric Particles, Wiley, Chichester, 543-596.
Jacobson, M.Z. (2002) Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science and Regulation. Cambridge University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511802287
Liousse, C., Cachier, H. and Jennings, S.G. (1993) Optical and Thermal Measurements of Black Carbon Aerosol Content in Different Environments-Variation of the Specific Attenuation Cross-Section, Sigma (σ). Atmospheric Environment, Part A, 27, 1203-1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90246-U
Djossou, J., Léon, J.F. and Barthélemy, A.A. (2018) Mass Concentration, Optical Depth and Carbon Composition of Particulate Matter in the Major Southern West African Cities of Cotonou (Benin) and Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Atmospheric Chemistry Physics, 18, 6275-6291. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6275-2018
Popouen, A.J., Djagouri, K., Agbo, D.A., Koua, A.A. and Monnehan, A.G. (2021) Concentration Levels of PM2.5, PM10 and Black Carbon in the Industrial Area of Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Physics, 9, 90-95.
Madina, D., N’Datchoh, E., Toure, S.S., Véronique, Y., Arona, D. and Célestin, H. (2018) Emissions from the Road Traffic of West African Cities: Assessment of Vehicle Fleet and Fuel Consumption. Energies, 11, 2300. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092300
WHO (2021) Global Air Quality Guidelines. Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Kebe, M., Traore, A., Manousakas, M.I., Vasilatou, V., Ndao, A.S., Wague, A. and Eleftheriadis, K. (2021) Source Apportionment and Assessment of Air Quality Index of PM2.5-10 and PM2.5 in at Two Different Sites in Urban Background Area in Senegal. Atmosphere, 11, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020182
Ogundele, L.T., Owoade, O.K., Olise, F.S. and Hopke, P.K. (2016) Source Identification and Apportionment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in Iron and Steel Scrap Smelting Factory Environment Using PMF, PCFA and UNMIX Receptor Models. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5585-8
Zheng, M., Salmon, L.G., Schauer, J.J., Zeng, L., Kiang, C.S., Zhang, Y., et al. (2005) Seasonal Trends in PM2.5 Source Contributions in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3967-3976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.036
Song, Y., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., Salmon, L. and Zheng, M. (2006) Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing Using Principal Component Analysis/Absolute Principal Component Scores and UNMIX. Science of the Total Environment, 372, 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.041
Tang, Y.-B., Li, Z.-H., Yang, Y.I., Ma, D.-J. and Ji, H.-J. (2015) Effect of Inorganic Chloride on Spontaneous Combustion of Coal. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 115, 87-92. https://doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2015/v115n2a1
Querol, X., Minguillón, M.C., Alastuey, A., Monfort, E., Mantilla, E., Sanz, M.J., Sanz, F., Roig, A., Renau, A., Felis, C., Miró, J.V. and Artíñano, B. (2007) Impact of the Implementation of PM Abatement Technology on the Ambient Air Levels of Metals in a Highly Industrialised Area. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 1026-1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.013
Oliveira, L.N., Duarte, E.R., Nogueira, F., Silva, R.B., Faria Filho, D.E. and Geraseev, L.C. (2010) Efficacy of Banana Crop Residues on the Inhibition of Larval Development in Haemonchus spp. from Sheep. Ciencia Rural, 40, 458-460. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782009005000254
Błaszczak, B. (2018) The Use of Principal Component Analysis for Source Identification of PM2.5 from Selected Urban and Regional Background Sites in Poland. E3S Web of Conferences, 28, Article No. 01001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801001
Kermani, M., Jonidi Jafari, A., Gholami, M., et al. (2021) Characterization, Possible Sources and Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5-Bound Heavy Metals in the Most Industrial City of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19, 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00589-3
Song, S., Wu, Y., Zheng, X., Wang, Z., Yang, L., Li, J. and Hao, J. (2014) Chemical Characterization of Roadside PM2.5 and Black Carbon in Macao during a Summer Campaign. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 3, 381-387. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.044
Wang, Z., Shi, X., Ma, Y. and Wei, X. (2020) Variation Characteristics of Mass Concentration of Inhalable Particles in Qingdao, China. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 8, 192-201. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2020.810014