Bisphenol A in Fluid and Powdered Milk Samples and Associated Child Dietary Exposures — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Bisphenol A in Fluid and Powdered Milk Samples and Associated Child Dietary Exposures
Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
,
Chemistry Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
,
Chemistry Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
,
Chemistry Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1 Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2 Chemistry Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
3 Chemistry Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
4 Chemistry Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical found in a wide range of consumer products and consumables that humans are exposed to. The aim of this study was to determine BPA contamination levels in 51 milk samples sold in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region, Brazil. Bisphenol A was detected (≥limit of detection, LOD) in five of the analyzed samples (9.8%) and quantified (≥limit of quantification, LOQ) in two (3.8%). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for children aged up to 12 months ranged from 24.95 to 97.72 ng/kg body weight/day, lower than the established European Union tolerable daily intake value. Recent evidence, however, suggests that even low doses of endocrine disruptors such as BPA may pose potential health risks, even more so when exposure occurs at such an early life stage.
Groshart, C.P., Okkerman, P.C. and Pijnenburg, A.M.C.M. (2001) Chemical Study on Bisphenol A. Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Nederlands.
Ballesteros-Gómes, A., Rubio, S. and Pérez-Bendito, D. (2009) Analytical Methods for the Determination of Bisphenol A in Food. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 449-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.037
Wang, Z., Walter, G.W., Muir, D.C.G. and Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020) Toward a Global Understanding of Chemical Pollution: A First Comprehensive Analysis of National and Regional Chemical Inventories. Environmental Science & Technology, 54, 2575-2584. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06379
Batista, T.M., Alonso-Magdalena, P., Vieira, E., Amaral, M.E.C., Cederroth, C.R., Nef, S., Quesada, I., Carneiro, E.M. and Nadal, A. (2012) Short-Term Treatment with Bisphenol A Leads to Metabolic Abnormalities in Adult Male Mice. PLOS ONE, 7, e33814. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033814
Carwile, J.L. and Michels, K.B. (2011) Urinary Bisphenol A and Obesity: NHANES 2003-2006. Environmental Research, 111, 825-830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.014
Trasande, L., Attina, T.M. and Blustein, J. (2012) Association between Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration and Obesity Prevalence in Children and Adolescents. Journal American Medical Association, 308, 1113-1121. https://doi.org/10.1001/2012.jama.11461
Ong, H.-T., Samsudin, H. and Soto-Valdez, H. (2022) Migration of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals into Food from Plastic Packaging Materials: An Overview of Chemical Risk Assessment, Techniques to Monitor Migration, and International Regulations. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62, 957-979. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1830747
Ige, A.O., Adebayo, O.O., Adele, B.O., Anthony, O., Emediong, I.E. and Adewoye, E.O. (2022) Genistein Mitigates the Gastro-Toxic Effects of Bisphenol A in Male Wistar Rats. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 10, 60-78. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2022.109006
Qu, W., Zhao, Z., Chen, S., Zhang, L., Wu, D. and Chen, Z. (2018) Bisphenol A Suppresses Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Colonic Epithelial Cells through Mitochondrial and MAPK/AKT Pathways. Life Sciences, 208, 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.040
Gonkowski, S. (2020) Bisphenol A (BPA)-Induced Changes in the Number of Serotonin-Positive Cells in the Mucosal Layer of Porcine Small Intestine—The Preliminary Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, Article No. 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031079
Shankar, A. and Teppala, S. (2011) Relationship between Urinary Bisphenol A Levels and Diabetes Mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96, 3822-3826. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1682
Braun, J.M., Kalkbrenner, A.E., Calafat, A.M., Yolton, K., Ye, X., Dietrich, K.N. and Lanphear, B.P. (2011) Impact of Early-Life Bisphenol A Exposure on Behavior and Executive Function in Children. Pediatrics, 128, 873-882. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1335
Fujimoto, V.Y., Kim, D., Vom Saal, F.S., Lamb, J.D., Taylor, J.A. and Bloom, M.S. (2011) Serum Unconjugated Bisphenol A Concentrations in Women May Adversely Influence Oocyte Quality during in Vitro Fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, 95, 1816-1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.008
Jalal, N., Wei, J., Jiang, Y., Pathak, J.L., Surendranath, A.R. and Chung, C.Y. (2019) Low-Dose Bisphenol A (BPA)-Induced DNA Damage and Tumorigenic Events in MCF-10A Cells. Cogent Medicine, 6, Article ID: 1616356. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2019.1616356
Wan, M.L.Y., Co, V.A. and El-Nezami, H. (2022) Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62, 6549-6576. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1903382
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2015) Technical Report: Report on the Two-Phase Public Consultation on the Draft EFSA Scientific Opinion on Bisphenol A (BPA).
Ali, H.R., Ame, M.M., Sheikh, M.A. and Bakari, S.S. (2023) Levels of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Cobalt (Co) in Cow Milk from Selected Areas of Zanzibar Island, Tanzania. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 14, 287-304. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2023.147016
Andrade, C.K., Brito, P.M.K., Anjos, V.E. and Quináia, S.P. (2018) Determination of Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr in Yogurt by Slurry Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: A Case Study for Brazilian Yogurt. Food Chemistry, 240, 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.111
Calahorrano-Moreno, M.B., Ordoñez-Bailon, J.J., Baquerizo-Crespo, R.J., Dueñas-Rivadeneira, A.A., Montenegro, M.C.B.S.M. and Rodríguez-Díaz, J.M. (2022) Contaminants in the Cow’s Milk We Consume? Pasteurization and Other Technologies in the Elimination of Contaminants. F1000Research, 11, Article No. 91. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.108779.1
Geens, T., Aerts, D., Berthot, C., Bourguignon, J.-P., Goeyens, L., Lecomte, P., Maghuin-Rogister, G., Pironnet, A.-M., Pussemier, L., Scippo, M.-L., Van Loco, J. and Covaci, A. (2012) Review of Dietary and Non-Dietary Exposure to Bisphenol A. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, 3725-3740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.059
Van Asselt, E.D., Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Marvin, H.J.P., Van Bokhorst-van de Veen, H. and Nierop Groot, M. (2017) Overview of Food Safety Hazards in the European Dairy Supply Chain. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16, 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12245
Mercogliano, R. and Santonicola, S. (2018) Investigation on Bisphenol A Levels in Human Milk and Dairy Supply Chain: A Review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 114, 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.021
Mercogliano, R., Santonicola, S., Albrizio, S. and Ferrante, M.C. (2021) Occurrence of Bisphenol A in the Milk Chain: A Monitoring Model for Risk Assessment at a Dairy Company. Journal of Dairy Science, 104, 5125-5132. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19365
Bomfim, M.V.J., Silvestre, F.B., Zamith, H.P.S. and Abrantes, S.M.P. (2015) Determinação de bisfenol A em fórmulas infantis. Revista Visa em Debate, 3, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.3395/2317-269x.00415
Galindo, M.V., Oliveira, E.S. and Godoy, H.T. (2021) Multivariate Optimization of Low-Temperature Cleanup Followed by Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction for Detection of Bisphenol A and Benzophenones in Infant Formula. Journal of Chromatography A, 1635, Article ID: 461757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461757
Matta, M.H.R., Pereira, A.L., Montagner, E. and Fortunato, G.V. (2012) Determinação de bisfenol A (BFA) em água mineral por meio de CG/DCE—Uma nova proposta de metodologia para análise. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 71, 624-629.
Petrarca, M.H., Perez, M.A.F. and Tfouni, S.A.V. (2022) Bisphenol A and Its Structural Analogues in Infant Formulas Available in the Brazilian Market: Optimisation of a UPLC-MS/MS Method, Occurrence, and Dietary Exposure Assessment. Food Research International, 160, Article ID: 111692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111692
Soares, D.A., Pereira, I., Sousa, J.C.C., Bernardo, R.A., Simas, R.C., Vaz, B.G. and Chaves, A.R. (2023) Bisphenol Determination in UHT Milk and Packaging by Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 400, Article ID: 134014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134014
Souza, P.S., Krauss, T.M., Sartori, A.V. and Abrantes, S.M.P. (2023) Simplified QuEChERS Technique Followed by UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis for the Determination Bisphenol A in Whole and Powdered Milk. International Food Research Journal, 30, 524-535. https://doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.30.2.21
Sartori, A.V., Mattos, J.S., Moraes, M.H.P. and Nóbrega, A.W. (2015) Determination of Aflatoxins M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, and G2 and Ochratoxin A in UHT and Powdered Milk by Modified QuEChERS Method and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods, 8, 2321-2330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0128-4
Souza, S.V.C. and Junqueira, R.G. (2005) A Procedure to Assess Linearity by Ordinary Least Squares Method. Analytica Chimica Acta, 552, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.07.043
Brasil (2005) Ministério da Saúde. Guia Alimentar Para Crianças Menores de 2 Anos. http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/guia_alimentar_criancas_menores_2anos.pdf
World Organization Health (WHO) (2006) Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Kang, J.H. and Kondo, F. (2003) Determination of Bisphenol A in Milk and Dairy Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 1439-1443. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-66.8.1439
Sajiki, J., Miyamoto, F., Fukata, H., Mori, C., Yonekubo, J. and Hayakawa, K. (2007) Bisphenol A (BPA) and This Source in Foods in Japanese Markets. Food Additives & Contaminants, 24, 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030600936383
Niu, Y., Zhang, J., Duan, H., Wu, Y. and Shao, B. (2015) Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol in Foodstuffs: Chinese Dietary Exposure from the 2007 Total Diet Study and Infant Health Risk from Formulas. Food Chemistry, 167, 320-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.115
Liao, C. and Kannan, K. (2014) A Survey of Bisphenol A and Other Bisphenol Analogues in Foodstuffs from Nine Cities in China. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 31, 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.868611
Liu, X., Ji, Y., Zhang, H. and Liu, M. (2008) Elimination of Matrix Effects in the Determination of Bisphenol A in Milk by Solid-Phase Microextraction-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Food Additives & Contaminants, 25, 772-778. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701713921
Shao, B., Han, H., Tu, X. and Huang, L. (2007) Analysis of Alkylphenol and Bisphenol A in Eggs and Milk by Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion Extraction and Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 850, 412-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.033
Bemrah, N., Jean, J., Riviere, G., Leconte, S., Bachelot, M., Deceuninck, Y., Le Bizec, B., Roudot, A.-C., Camel, V., Dauchy, X., Grob, K., Cyril, F., Picard-Hagen, N., Badot, P.-M., Foures, F. and Leblanc, J.-C. (2014) Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Bisphenol A in the French Population with a Special Focus on Risk Characterization for Pregnant French Women. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 72, 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.005
Casajuana, N. and Lacorte, S. (2004) New Methodology for the Determination of Phthalate Esters, Bisphenol A, Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether, and Nonylphenol in Comercial Whole Milk Samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 3702-3707. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040027s
Grumetto, L., Gennari, O., Montesano, D., Ferracane, R., Ritieni, A., Albrizio, S. and Barbato, F. (2013) Determination of Five Bisphenols in Commercial Milk Samples by Liquidi Chromatography Coupled to Fluorescence Detection. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 1590-1596. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-054
Yoshida, T., Horie, M., Hoshino, Y., Nakazawa, H. and Nakazawa, H. (2001) Determination of Bisphenol A in Canned Vegetables and Fruit by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Food Additives & Contaminants, 18, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/026520301446412
Hoekstra, E.J. and Simoneau, C. (2013) Release of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 386-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.536919
Ackerman, L.K., Noonan, G.O., Heiserman, W.M., Roach, J.A., Limm, W. and Begley, T.H. (2012) Determination of Bisphenol A in U.S. Infant Formulas: Updated Methods and Concentrations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 2307-2313. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903959u
Biles, J.E., Mcneal, T.P. and Begley, T.H. (1997) Determination of Bisphenol A Migrating from Epoxy Can Coatings to Infant Formula Liquid Concentrates. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 45, 4697-4700. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf970518v
Maragou, N.C., Lampi, E.N., Thomaidis, N.S. and Koupparis, M.A. (2006) Determination of Bisphenol A in Milk by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1129, 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.103
Cirillo, T., Latini, G., Castaldi, M.A., Dipaola, L., Fasano, E., Esposito, F., Scognamiglio, G., Di Francesco, F. and Cobellis, L. (2015) Exposure to Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate, Di-n-butyl Phthalate and Bisphenol A through Infant Formulas. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63, 3303-3310. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf505563k
Alonso-Magdalena, P., Vieira, E., Soriano, S., Menes, L., Burks, D., Quesada, I. and Nadal, A. (2010) Bisphenol A Exposure during Pregnancy Disrupts Glucose Homeostasis in Mothers and Adult Male Offspring. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 1243-1250. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1001993
Howdeshell, K.L., Furr, J., Lambright, C.R., Wilson, V.S., Ryan, B.C. and Gray, L.E.J. (2008) Gestational and Lactational Exposure to Ethinyl Estradiol, but Not Bisphenol A, Decreases Androgen Dependent Reproductive Organ Weights and Epididymal Sperm Abundance in the Male Long Evans Hooded Rat. Toxicological Sciences, 102, 371-382. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm306
Wei, J., Lin, Y., Li, Y., Ying, C., Chen, J., Song, L., Zhou, Z., Lv, Z., Xia, W., Chen, X. and Xu, S. (2011) Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A at Reference Dose Predisposes Offspring to Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Rats on a High-Fat Diet. Endocrinology, 152, 3049-3061. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-0045
Angle, B.M., Do, P.R., Ponsi, D., Stahlhut, R.W., Drury, B.E., Nagel, S.C., Welshons, W.V., Besch-Williford, C.L., Palanza, P., Parmigiani, S., vom Saal, F.S. and Taylor, J.A. (2013) Metabolic Disruption in Male Mice Due to Fetal Exposure to Low But Not High Doses of Bisphenol A (BPA): Evidence for Effects on Body Weight, Food Intake, Adipocytes, Leptin, Adiponectin, Insulin and Glucose Regulation. Reproductive Toxicology, 42, 256-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.07.017
Amin, M.M., Ebrahim, K., Hashemi, M., Shoshtari-Yeganeh, B., Rafiei, N., Mansourian, M. and Kelishadi, R. (2018) Association of Exposure to Bisphenol A with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 29, 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2018.1515896