IMO Net-Zero Framework: Pathways to Maritime Decarbonization

Abstract

As a core pillar of global trade, the maritime industry transports approximately 90% of international cargo while contributing nearly 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Without effective intervention, this proportion could rise to 10% - 13% by 2050. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) established a net-zero framework through its revised GHG Strategy in 2023. This framework aims to achieve the maritime sector’s decarbonization transition via stringent emission reduction targets and technological innovation, including at least a 40% reduction by 2030, a 70% reduction by 2040, and net-zero emissions around 2050. This paper reviews core elements of the IMO net-zero framework, including the Global Fuel Intensity (GFI) standard, GHG emissions pricing mechanisms, and the establishment of a net-zero fund. It analyzes implementation progress by 2025, such as the draft amendments to MARPOL Annex VI approved at MEPC 83 and their formal adoption at the MEPC/ES.2 special session. Through literature analysis, this paper examines current maritime research trends, including technological innovations (e.g., green hydrogen and ammonia fuels), policy-economic impacts, regional equity, and modeling simulations. Looking ahead, the framework is projected to accelerate zero-carbon fuel commercialization but faces challenges from geopolitical divisions and technology lock-in. The study highlights opportunities, such as supporting developing nations’ technology transfer through funds, and proposes policy recommendations including enhanced international coordination and dynamic evaluation mechanisms to advance global climate action. Findings provide insights for the sustainable maritime transition and call for further empirical research to validate the framework’s effectiveness.