Agricultural Solids Waste in South of Jordan: Facts and Figures
- 1 Chemical Engineering Department, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
- 2 Civil Engineering Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Abstract
Agricultural solid wastes in the southern part of Jordan were estimated and classified. Data collection method was used to determine the types and quantities of different agricultural solid wastes. Human excreta and cattle manure were found to be serious environmental problems in the region. Chemical analysis of different solid wastes showed variable organic and nitrogen content which affect the selection of treatment process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was tested and found to be a suitable unit operation to treat a wide variety of agricultural solid wastes. Biogas production rate from AD ranged from 0.3 m 3 /kg COD to0.61 m 3 /kg COD which is considered 80 % to 90% of yield. The optimum C/N ratio and TVS for AD was found to be 22 ± 2 and 70% ± 5%, respectively. The amount of energy that can be produced from energy crops and animal manures was estimated to be 12.8 Mtoe and 0.34 Mtoe, respectively. Methane biogas production rate was estimated to be37 m 3 /ton for substrate consist of mixture of different agricultural solid waste of 50% wastewater, 40% Cattle manure, 5% straw and 5% sawdust.
- EPA, “Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures,” Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 2006. www.epa.gov
- EPA, “Municipal Solid Waste Generation Recycling and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures,” Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 2006. www.epa.gov
- L. Horrigan, R. S. Lawrence and P. Walker, “How Sustainable Agriculture Can Address the Environmental and Human Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture,” Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, No. 5, 2002, pp. 445-456. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110445
- M. D. Donald, G. Gray, P. Suto and C. Peck, “Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste,” US Environmental Protection Agency Region, 2011 Final Report 9.
- EPA, “Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2007 Facts and Figures,” Environmental Protection, Washington DC, 2008. www.epa.gov
- S. Ghosh, E. R Vieitez, T. Liu and Y. Kato, “Biogasification of Solid Waste by Two Phase Anaerobic Fermentation,” Proceedings of the 3rd Biomass Conference of the Americas, Vol. 2, Montréal, 24-29 August 1997.
- E. Kwon, J. W. Kelly and J. C. Marco, “An Investigation into the Syngas Production from Municipal Solid Waste (msw) Gasification under Various Pressures and CO2 Concentration Atmospheres,” Proceedings of the 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, Chantilly, 18-20 May 2009, pp. 231-236. doi:10.1115/NAWTEC17-2351
- M. Macias-Corral, Z. Samani, A. Hanson, G. Smith, P. Funk, H. Yu and J. Longworth, “Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste and Agricultural Waste and the Effect of Co-Digestion with Dairy Cow Manure,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, No. 17, 2008, pp. 8288-8293. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.057
- P. M. Ndegw and S. A. Thompson, “Effects of C-to-N Ratio on Vermicomposting of Biosolids,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2000, pp. 7-12. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00038-9
- S. Shakya, “Two Stage Anaerobic Digestion for the Treatment of Dissolved Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste,” PhD Theses, Asian Institute of Technology, Thani, 2010.
- C. Sherrington, J. Bartley and D. Moran, “Farm-Level Constraints on the Domestic Supply of Perennial Energy Crops in the UK,” Energy Policy, Vol. 36, No. 7, 2008, pp. 2504-2512. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.004
- V. Skoulou, N. Mariolis, G. Zanakis and A. Zabaniotou, “Sustainable Management of Energy Crops for Integrated Biofuels and Green Energy Production in Greece,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1928-1936. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.12.019