The seasonal development of the phytoplankton, phytobenthos, zooplankton, and microbenthos in a high eutrophised intravilan water reservoir was studied. Finally, 25 genera with 44 species of Cyanobacteria/Cyanophytes and 67 genera with 102 species as well as infraspecific taxa of different groups of microscopic algae were identified. The phytoplankton in most parts of the water basin was strongly dominated by green colonial alga Golenkiniopsis longispina. From October until December a cyanophyte species Aphanocapsa delicatissima with typical cell dimensions of picoplankton/ was found in large amounts/predominated. As early as spring, a plankton bloom in all its components was observed. At that time, also a high concentration of total phosphorus was recorded, which in the second half of April dropped rapidly. The concentration of chlorophyll- a increased from 162.7 μg/L in March to 2322 μg/L in September. Massive occurrence of benthic protozoa in the plankton, as a consequence of anoxia, has been observed. Further, the detritivore and omnivore ciliate species Coleps hirtus dominated in the microbenthos. Altogether 74 of ciliate taxa were detected. Their abundance and biomass reached peak in April, but these steadily decreased from May until the end of the year. Extreme values of zooplankton density (54 , 016 ind/L) were recorded in spring followed by a sudden fall in summer and autumn. The contribution of rotifers ( Brachionus spp., Filinia longiseta ) in the total zooplankton density and biomass was 98%. Relatively a low species richness of crustaceans (4 Cladocera and 3 Copepoda) was observed.
KeywordsCyanobacterial Water BloomsEutrophicationCiliatesZooplanktonShallow Ponds
D. W. Schindler and J. R. Vallentyne, “The Algal Bowl: Overfertilization of the World’s Freshwaters and Estuaries,” University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, 2008.
J. D. Allan, “Landscapes and Riverscapes: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems,” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Vol. 35, 2004, pp. 257-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.120202.110122
V. Korínek, J. Fott, J. Fuksa, J. Lellák and M. Prazáková, “Carp Ponds of Central Europe,” In: R. G. Michael, Ed., Managed Aquatic Ecosystems, Elsvier Sci. Pub. B.V., Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 26-61.
M. Salvia-Castellvi, A. Dohet, P. Vander Borght and L. Hoffman, “Control of the Eutrophication of the Reservoir of Esch-sur-Sure (Luxembourg): Evaluation of the Phosphorus Removal by Predams,” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 459, No. 1-3, 2001, pp. 61-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012548006413
D. M. Anderson, P. M. Glibert and J. M. Burkholder, “Harmful Algal Blooms and Eutrophication: Nutrient Sources, Composition, and Consequences,” Estuaries, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2002, pp. 704-726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02804901
G. A. Codd, “Cyanobacterial Toxins, the Perception of Water Quality and the Priorisation of Eutrophication Control,” Ecological Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2000, pp. 51-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00089-6
Y. Yamamoto, H. Tsukada and Y. Matsuzawa, “Relationship between Environmental Factors and the Formation of Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Eutrophic Pond in Central Japan,” Algological Studies, Vol. 134, No. 1, 2010, pp. 25-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2010/0134-0025
E. Lelková, M. Rulík, P. Hekera, P. Dobiás, P. Dolejs, M. Borovicková and A. Poulícková, “The Influence of the Coagulant PAX-18 on Planktothrix agardhii Bloom in a Shallow Eutrophic Fishpond,” Fottea, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2008, pp. 147-154.
S. R. Carpenter, “Complex Interactions in Lake Communities,” Springer Verlag, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3838-6
S. R. Carpenter, N. F. Caraco, D. L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley and V. H. Smith, “Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1998, pp. 559-568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2
A. Herzig, “The Zooplankton of the Open Lake,” In: H. Loffler, Ed., Neusiedlersee. Limnology of a Shallow Lake in Central Europe, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Hague, 1979, pp. 281-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9168-2_22
J. Komárek and B. Fott, “Chlorophyceae (Grünalgen), Ordnung: Chlorococcales,” Die Binnengewasser, Vol. 16, No. 7, 1983.
F. Hindák, “Colour Atlas of Cyanophytes,” Veda, Bratislava, 2008.
K. Krammer and H. Lange-Bertalot, “Bacillariophyceae, 1. Teil: Naviculaceae, ” Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1986.
K. Krammer and H. Lange-Bertalot, “Bacillariophyceae, 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae,” Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1988.
K. Krammer and H. Lange-Bertalot, “Bacillariophyceae, 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae,” Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 2/3, 1991a.
K. Krammer and H. Lange-Bertalot,“Bacillariophyceae, 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Erganzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema,” Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 12/4, 1991b.
W. Foissner, H. Blatterer, H. Berger and F. Kohmann, “Taxonomische und Okologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems Band I.,” Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 1, 1991.
W. Foissner, H. Blatterer, H. Berger and F. Kohmann, “Taxonomische und Okologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems Band II.,” Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 5, 1992.
W. Foissner, H. Berger and F. Kohmann, “Taxonomische und Okologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems Band III, ” Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, Vol. 1, 1994.
W. Foissner, H. Berger, H. Blatterer and F. Kohmann, “Taxonomische und okologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems Band IV, Gymnostomatea, Loxodes, Suctoria,” Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, 1995.
W. Foissner, H. Berger and J. Schaumburg, “Identification and Ecology of Limnetic Plankton Ciliates,” Informationsberichte des Bayer, Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, Munchen, Vol. 3/99, 1999.
F. D. Morduchaj-Boltovskoj, “Materialy po Srednemu vesu Bespozvonochnykh Basseina Dona,” Trudi Problemnih i Tematiceskih Sovescanija, Zool. Inst. 2, Problemy Gidrobiologii Vnutrennych Vod, Vol. 2, 1954, pp. 223-214.
S. N. Ulomskij, “Rol′ Rakoobraznych v Obshchej Biomasse Planktona ozer (K Voprosu o Metodike Opredeleniya Vidovoj Biomassy Zooplanktona),” Trudi Problemnih i Tematiceskih Sovescanija, Zool. Inst., 1, Problemy Gidrobiologii Vnutrennych Vod, Vol. 1, 1951.
S. N. Ulomskij, “Syroi ves Massovykh Form Nizshikh Rakoobraznykh Kamskogo Vodokhranilischa i Nekotorykh ozer Urala i Zaural′ya,” Trudi Uraljskogo otdeleniya Gosudarstvennogo Nauchno-Issledovateljskogo Institute Ozernogo i Rechnogo, Ribnogo Khozyaystva, Vol. 5, 1961, pp. 200-210.
A. Nauwerck, “Die Beziehungen Zwischen Zooplankton und Phytoplankton im See Erken,” Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, Vol. 17, No. 5, 1963, pp. 1-163.
B. Düssart, “Limnologie. L′étude des eaux Continentales, ” Guathier-Villars, Paris, 1966.
F. Hindák and A. Hindáková,“ Cyanobacteria and Algae of a Small Eutrophic Water Reservoir at Modra (W Slovakia),” Bulletin Slovenskej Botanickej Spoocnosti, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2010, pp. 129-135.
E. Tirjaková, “Ciliated Protozoa Communities (Protozoa: Ciliophora) in Hypertrophic Shallow Water Reservoir in Modra (W Slovakia),” Folia faunistica Slovaca, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2010, pp. 33-41.
W. Lampert and U. Sommer, “Limnookologie,” Thieme Veralg, Stuttgart, New York, 1993.
M. Fulín, I. Hudec, E. Sitásová, V. Slobodník and P. Sabo, “Environmentálno-Ekonomické Vyhodnotenie Funkcií a Hospodárenia v Rybníkoch na Slovensku,” Nadácia IUCN, Svetová únia Ochrany Prírody, Slovensko, IUCN Gland, Svajciarsko a Cambrige, Vel'ká Británia, 1994.
J. Mayer, M.T. Dokulil, M. Salbrachter, M. Berger, T. Posch, G. Pfister, A. K. T. Kirschner, B. Velimirov, A. Steitz and T. Ulbricht, “Seasonal sUccession and Trophic Relations between Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Ciliate and Bacteria in a Hypertophic Shallow Lake in Vienna, Austria,” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 342-343, 1997, pp. 165-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017098131238
B. Marsálek, V. Kersner and P. Marvan, “Vodní Květy Sinic,” Nadatio flos-aquae, Brno, 1996.
A. J. Wade, G. M. Hornberger, P. G. Whitehead, H. P. Jarvie and N. Flynn, “On modelling the Mechanisms That Control In-Stream Phosphorus, Macrophyte, and Epiphyte Dynamics: An Assessment of a New Model Using General Sensitivity Analysis,” Water Resource Research, Vol. 37, No. 11, 2001, pp. 2777-2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000WR000115
J. Lucey, J. J. Bowman, K. J. Clabby, P. Cunningham, M. Lehane, M. MacCarthaigh, M. L. McGarrigle and P. F. Toner, “Water Quality in Ireland (1995-1997),” Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, 1999.
P. J. Dillon and F. H. Rigler, “A Test of the Simple Nutrient Budget Model Predicting the Phosphorus Concentration in Lake Water,” Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, No. 11, 1974, pp. 1771-1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f74-225
B. Marsálek, “Hledání Achilovy Paty u Cyanobaktérií,” In: M. Rulík, Ed., Limnologie na Prelomu Tisíciletí, Conference proceedings, Kouty nad Desnou, 2000, pp. 88-93.
K. T. Kiss and S. I. Genkal, “Winter Blooms of Centric Diatoms in the River Danube and in Its Side-Arms near Budapest (Hungary),” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 269-270, No. 1, 1993, pp. 317-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028030
F. Hindák and A. Hindáková, “Checklist of Cyanobacteria and Algae of Slovakia,” In: K. Marhold and F. Hindák, Eds., Checklist of Non-Vascular and Vascular Plants of Slovakia, Veda, Bratislava, 1998, pp. 12-100.
F. Hindák and A. Hindáková, “Cyanophytes and Algae of Gravel Pit Lakes in Bratislava, Slovakia: A Survey,” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 506-509, No. 1-3, 2003, pp. 155-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008631.82041.c7
R. J. P. Dias and M. D’Agosto, “Feeding Behavior of Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg) (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hymenostomatida) under Different Environmental Conditions in a Lotic System,” Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2006, pp. 758-763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752006000300021
K. Simek, J. Bobková, M. Macek and J. Nedoma, “Ciliate Grazing on Picoplankton in a Eutrophic Reservoir during the Summer Phytoplankton Maximum: A Study at the Species and Community Level,” Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 40, No. 6, 1995, pp. 1077-1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.6.1077
B. Vorosváry, “A Kalános Patak Csillós Véglényei,” Annales Biologicae Universitatis Szegediensis Szeged, Vol. 1, 1950, pp. 343-387.
J. A. Laybourn-Parry, “Protozoan Plankton Ecology,” Chapman & Hall, London, 1992.
V. Sládecek, “Rotifers as Indicators of Water Duality,” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 100, No. 1, 1983, pp. 169-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027429
M. Illyová, “Zooplankton of Two Arms in the Morava River Floodplain in Slovakia,” Biologia, Vol. 61, No. 5, 2006, pp. 531-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-006-0087-8
M. Devetter, “Influence of Environmental Factors on the Rotifer Assemblage in an Artificial Lake,” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 387/388, 1998, pp. 171-178.
H. J. Dumont, “Biotic Factors in the Population Dynamics of Rotifers,” Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie, Vol. 8, 1977, pp. 98-122.
U. Sommer, M. Gliwitcz, W. Lampert and A. Duncan, “The PEG-Model of Seasonal Succession of Planktonic Events in Fresh Waters,” Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie, Vol. 106, No. 4, 1986, pp. 433-471.
K. Vakkilainen, T. Kairesalo, J. Hietala, D. M. Balayla, E. Bécares, W. J. Van de Bund, E. Van Donk, M. Fernández-Aláez, M. Gyllstrom, L-A. Hansson, M. R. Miracle, B. Moss, S. Romo, J. Rueda and D. Stephen, “Response of Zooplankton to Nutrient Enrichment and fish in Shallow Lakes: A Pan-European Mesocosm Experiment,” Freshwater Biology, Vol. 49, No. 12, 2004, pp. 1619-1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01300.x
Z. M. Gliwicz, “Studies on the Feeding of Pelagic Zooplankton in Lake with Varying Trophy,” Ekologia Polska, Vol. 17A, 1969, pp. 663-708.
V. Sládecek and A. Sládecková, “Biologie Stabilizacních nádrzí,” X. Limnologická Konference (Conference Proceedings), Stará Turá, 1994, pp. 178-190.
B. J. Finlay, “Oxygen Availability and Seasonal Migrations of Ciliated Protozoa in a Freshwater Lake,” Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 123, No. 1, 1981, pp. 173-178.