The tailing ponds of lead-zinc mines are artificial environment pollution sources, and also important dangerous sources of heavy metal contamination in lead-zinc mining areas. To study the effects of Ethylene Diamine Tetracetic Acid (EDTA) and Diethylene Triamine Penlaacetic Acid (DTPA) on phytoremediation of lead-zinc mining area soil, two chelators (EDTA and DTPA) were used in enrichment plant ryegrass to improve the uptake of Pb and Zn from soil. The results showed that when the doses of 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mmol/kg EDTA and DTPA were used, the biomass of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and its nutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) content increased, whereas EDTA and DTPA with a dose of 4 mmol/kg decreased the biomass of ryegrass and its nutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) content. EDTA and DTPA significantly enhanced the contents of Zn and Pb in ryegrass as compared with the control. As for Pb, the content of Pb in root and shoot reached a maximum of 2730.54 and 2484.42 mg/kg respectively when the dose of EDTA and DTPA was 2 mmol/kg. In the case of Zn, the content of Zn in root and shoot reached a maximum of 2428.37 and 2010.43 mg/kg respectively. The total Pb and Zn accumulations and translocation ratio in ryegrass had also been enhanced. The results indicated that EDTA and DTPA had great potential to be used for ryegrass to remedy Pb and Zn contamination soil of lead-zinc mining area, but should be used cautiously because of their environmental risks.
KeywordsEDTADTPAEnrichment PlantRyegrassLead and Zinc
Y. H. Wang, Y. L. Zhao, X. J. Chen and S. H. Qi, “Remediation Technology of Contaminated Soils in the Metal Mines,” Mining Research and Development, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2007, pp. 66-68.
S. N. Whiting, R. D. Reeves, D. Richards, M. S. Johnson, J. A. Cooke and F. Malaisse, “Research Priorities for Conservation of Metallophyte Biodiversity and their Potential for Restoration and Site Remediation,” Restoration Ecology, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2004, pp. 106-116. doi:10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00367.x
M. H. Huang and Y. M. Luo, “Land Remedlation and Ecological Restoration of Mined Land,” Acta Pedologa Sinica, Vol. 40, No. 2, 2003, pp. 161-169.
J. Cheng and M. H. Wong, “Effects of Earthworm (Pheretima SP.) on Three Sequential Ryegrass Harvests for Remediating Lead/zinc Mine Tailings,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2008, pp. 173-184. doi:10.1080/15226510801997382
M. A. Kashem, S. Kawai, N. Kikuchi, H. Takahashi, R. Sugawara and B. R. Singh, “Effect of Lherzolite on Chemical Fractions of Cd and Zn and Their Uptake by Plants in Contaminated Soil,” Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 207, No. 1-4, 2010, pp. 241-251．
D. E. Salt, M. Baylock, N. P. Kumar, V. Dushenkov, B. D. Ensley, I. Chet and I. Raskin, “Phytoremediation: A Novel Strategy for The Removal of Toxic Metal from The Environment Using Plants,” Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 13, No. 5, 1995, pp. 468-474. doi:10.1038/nbt0595-468
Q. Wei, Y. Li and Y. Q. Zu, “Advances in Researching Cultivation Techniques on Hyperaccumulators Phytoremediating The Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil,” Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008, pp. 104-108.
S. J. Shi, K. Zhao and X. M. Chu, “Phytoremediation for Metal Contamination in Soil and Improvement Measures,” Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology, Vol. 4, 2006, pp. 66-67.
M. W. H. Evangelou, M. Ebel and A. Schaeffer, “Chelate Assisted Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals from Soil: Effect, Mechanism, Toxicity and Fate of Chelating Agents,” Chemosphere, Vol. 68, No. 6, 2007, pp. 989-1003.
C. Garbisu and I. Alkorta, “Phytoextraction: A Cost Effective Plant Based Technology for the Removal of Metals from the Environment,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 77, No. 3, 2002, pp. 229-236. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00108-5
H. Gr?man, ?. Velikonja–Bolta, D. Vodnik, B. Kos and D. Le?tan, “EDTA Enhanced Heavy Metal Phytoextraction: Metal Accumulation, Leaching, and Toxicity,” Plant and Soil, Vol. 235, No. 1, 2001, pp. 105-114. doi:10.1023/A:1011857303823
J. Japenga, G. F. Koopmans, J. Song and P. F. R?mkens, “A Feasibility Test to Estimate The Duration of Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals from Polluted Soils,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2007, pp. 115-132.
G. F. Koopmans, P. F. A. M. R?mkens, J. Song, E. J. M. Temminghoff and J. Japenga, “Predicting The Phytoextraction Duration to Remediate Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils,” Water Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 181, No. 1-4, 2007, pp. 355-371. doi:10.1007/s11270-006-9307-7
E. Meers, F. M. G. Tack and M. G. Verloo, “Degradability of Ethylenediaminedisuccinic Acid (EDDS) in Metal Contaminated Soils: Implications for Its Use Soil Remediation,” Chemosphere, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2008, pp. 358-363.
C. L. Luo, Z. G. Shen and X. D. Li, “Plant Uptake and The Leaching of Metals During The Hot EDDS-enhanced Phytoextraction Process,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2007, pp. 181-196. doi:10.1080/15226510701375986
P. Kidd, J. Barceló, M. P. Bernal, F. Navari-Izzo, C. Poschenrieder, S. Shilev, R. Clemente and C. Monterroso, “Trace Element Behaviour at the Root–Soil Interface: Implications in Phytoremediation,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2009, pp. 243-259. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.06.013
L. Duquène, H. Vandenhove, F. Tack, E. Meers, J. Baeten and J. Wannijn, “Enhanced Phytoextraction of Uranium and Selected Heavy Metals by Indian Mustard and Ryegrass Using Biodegradable Soil Amendments,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 407, No. 5, 2009, pp. 1496-1505. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.049
W. H. Xu, H. X. Wang, Z. Y. Wang and Z. T. Xiong, “Response of Hyperaccumulator Ryegrass (Loliurn perenne L.) to Cadmium, Zinc and Their Combined Pollution,” Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 6, 2006, pp. 365-368.
F. Lian, S. L. Zhao, M. Teng and L. Duo, “A. Effects of EDTA on Seed Germination and Seeding Growth of Annual Ryegrass,” Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 12, 2007, pp. 62-64.
J. W. Huang, J. Chen and W. R. Berti, “Phytoremediation of Lead–contaminated Soils: Role of Synthetic Chelates in Lead Phytoextraction,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1997, pp. 800-805. doi:10.1021/es9604828
D. J. Zhao, “Research of Chelate–induced Technology Applied in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils,” Zhongshan University, Zhongshan, 2004.
Y. C. Chen, Z. T. Xiong and S. Y. Dong, “Chemical Behavior of Cadmium in Purple Soil as Affected by Surfactants and EDTA,” Pedosphere, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2006, pp. 91-99.
Y. H. Chen, Z. G. Shen and L. G. Zong, “Effects of EDTA on Pb Accumulation by Seedlings of Two Brassica Juncea Varieties,” Research of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2005, pp. 67-70.
Y. F. Fang, Y. Y. Zheng, N. Tang and L. K. Can, “EDTA Enhanced Electroremediation of Lead–Contaminated Soil,” Journal of Agro–Environment Science, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2008, pp. 612-616.
H. Zaier, T. Ghnaya, K. Ben Rejeb, A. Lakhdar, S. Rejeb and F. Jemal, “Effects of EDTA on Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals (Zn, Mn and Pb) from Sludge-Amended Soil with Brassica napus,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, No. 11, 2010, pp. 3978-3983. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.035
S. A. Wasay, S. F. Barrington and S. Tokunaga, “Organic Acids to Remediate A Clay Loam Polluted by Heavy Metals,” Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 40, 1998, pp. 9-15.
X. Ke, P. J. Li, Z. Q. Gong, W. Yin and D. Su, “Advances in Flushing Agents Used for Remediation of Heavy Metal–contaminated Soil,” Chinese Journal of Ecology, Vol. 23, No. 5, 2004, pp. 145-149.
J. Sun, B. Q. Tie, P. F. Qin, Y. W. Yang, Z. Qian and S. X. Qing, “The Potential of Juncus effuses and Eulaliopsis binata for Phytoremediation of Lead/zinc Mine Tailings Contaminated Soil under the Adjustment of EDTA,” Research of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2006, pp. 105-110.
M. J. Baylock, D. E. Salt, S. Dushenkov, O. Zakharova, C. Gussman, Y. Kapulnik, B. D. Ensley and I. Raskin, “Enhanced Accumulation of Pb in Indian Mustard by Soil–Applied Chelating Agents,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31 No. 3, 1997, pp. 860-865. doi:10.1021/es960552a
W. Xu, W. Li, J. He, S. Balwant and Z. Xiong, “Effects of Insoluble Zn, Cd, and EDTA on The Growth, Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Uptake of Zn and Cd in Vetiveria zizanioides,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2009, pp. 186-192.
L. L. Chun, G. S. Zhen, Q. L. Lai and G. L. Xian, “EDDS and EDTA–Enhanced Phytoextraction of Metals from Artificially Contaminated Soil and Residual Effects of Chelant Compounds,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 144, No. 3, 2006, pp. 862-871. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.02.012
J. Hernández-Allica, C. Garbisua, O. Barrutiab and J. M. Becerril, “EDTA–Induced Heavy Metal Accumulation and Phytotoxicity in Cardoon Plants,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, Vol. 60, No. 1, 2007, pp. 26-32.
L. D. Liu, J. L. Shu and Z. K. Yang, “Effects of Chitosan and EDTA on Lead Desorption in Pb Contaminated Soil,” Journal of Agro-environment Science, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2006. pp. 345-348.
H. Q. Wang, S. J. Lu and Y. J. Chen, “On The Application of Chelate–induced and Transgenic Technique in Phytoremediation of Polluted Soils,” Earth Science Frontiers, Vol. 12, No. S, 2005, pp. 36-42.
P. E. Bell, R. L. Chaney and J. S. Angle, “Free Metal Activity and Total Metal Concentrations as Indices of Micronutrient Availability to Barley [Hordeum vulgare (L.) ‘Klages’],” Plant and Soil, Vol. 130, No. 1-2, 1991, pp. 51-62. doi:10.1007/BF00011855
W. W. Wenzel, R. Unterbrunner, P. Sommer and P. Sacco, “Chelate–Assisted Phytoextraction Using Canola (Brassica napus L.) Inoutdoors Pot and Lysimeter Experiments,” Plant and Soil, Vol. 249, 2003, pp. 83-96. doi:10.1023/A:1022516929239