Nowadays , the style of living that significantly depends on consumption of resources and over consumption patterns, tremendous increase in population, urbanization and industrialization resulted into generation of huge amounts of industrial wastes. Many environmental problems are facing industrial areas, especially in developing countries, due to poor industrial hazardous waste management. In order to reduce the effect of industrial waste on the environment and to reach sustainable development, countries have developed and reinforced several environmental protection laws and regulations. Yet, the waste disposal s via incineration and/or landfilling according to cradle-to-grave concept require high capital, high running costs and are seen by industries as a b arrier for further industrial development. Most importantly, disposal s of waste deplete natural resources causing them to be unsustainable. Hence, various concepts and strategies have been suggested to promote industrial sustainabilit y. The aim of this paper is to present different concepts and practices includin g Cradle-to-Cradle approach, Cleaner Production, Industrial Ecology, Eco-Industrial Park and Environmentally Balanced Industrial Complex described in literature that help develop a successful sustainable industrial community a nd reach zero pollution. These concepts are illustrated via case studies. Moreover, this paper tackles the challenges facing industrial areas in Egypt and emphasi s on the imperative need for considering sustainable industrial community.
El-Haggar, S.M. (2009) Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Disposal. In: Nemrow, N., Agardy, F., Sullivan, P. and Salvato, J., Eds., Environmental Engineering: Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure, Land Use and Planning, and Industry, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, 1-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470432822.ch1
El-Haggar, S.M. (2007) Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management: Cradle-to-Cradle for Sustainable Development. Elsevier Academic Press, Cambridge, MA.
Tammemagi, H. (1999) Waste Crisis: Landfills, Incinerators, and the Search for a Sustainable Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Nemerow, N.L. (1995) Zero Pollution Industry: Waste Minimization through Industrial Complexes. John Wiley-& Sons, Hoboken.
O’Riordan, T. (2004) Environmental Science, Sustainability and Politics. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29, 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00127.x
Tudor, T., Adam, E. and Bates, M. (2007) Drivers and Limitations for the Successful Development and Functioning of EIP (Eco-Industrial Parks): A Literature Review. Ecological Economics, 61, 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.10.010
Dunn, B. and Steinemann, A. (1998) Industrial Ecology for Sustainable Communities. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 41, 661-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640569811353
Brundtland, G.H. and Khalid, M. (1987) World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, New York.
McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2002) Cradle to Cradle: Remarking the Way We Make Things. North Point Press, New York.
Glavic, P. and Lukman, R. (2007) Review of Sustainability Terms and Their Definitions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 1875-1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.12.006
El-Haggar, S.M. (2015) Sustainability and Innovation: The Next Global Industrial Revolution. The American University Press, Cairo.
Frosch, R.A. and Gallopoulos, N.E. (1989) Strategies for Manufacturing. Scientific American, 261, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0989-144
White, R. (1994) The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems (Allenby, B.R. and Richards, D.J., Eds.). National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Allenby, B. (2006) The Ontologies of Industrial Ecology? Progress in Industrial Ecology, An International Journal, 3, 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1504/PIE.2006.010039
Frosch, R. (1992) Industrial Ecology: A Philosophical Introduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 800-803. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.3.800
O’Rourke, D., Connelly, L. and Koshland, C. (1996) Industrial Ecology: A Critical Review. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 6, 89-112.
Lowe, H. (1993) Industrial Ecology—An Organizing Framework for Environmental Management. Environmental Quality Management, 2, 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.3310030108
Tibbs, H. (1992) Industrial Ecology—An Agenda for Environmental Management. Pollution Prevention Review, 167.
Kim, S.J. (2002) Korean Waste Management and Eco-Efficient Symbiosis—A Case Study of Kwangmyong City. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 3, 371-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-001-0124-9
Van Berkel, R., van Beers, D. and Bossilkov, A. (2006) Regional Resource Synergies for Sustainable Development: The Case of Kwinana. Materials Forum, 30, 176-187.
Veiga, L.B.E. and Magrini, A. (2009) Eco-Industrial Park Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Tool for Sustainable Development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.11.009
Ilgin, M.A. and Gupta, S.M. (2010) Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO): A Review of the State of the Art. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 563-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.037
Patnaik, R.P.G. (2015) Developing an Eco-Industrial Park in Puducherry Region, India—A SWOT Analysis. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58, 976-996. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.904768
Peddle, M.T. (1993) Planned Industrial and Commercial Development in the United States: A Review of the History, Literature, and Empirical Evidence Regarding Industrial Parks and Research Parks. Economic Development Quarterly, 7, 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124249300700110
Côté, R.P. and Cohen-Rosenthal, E. (1998) Designing Eco-Industrial Parks: A Synthesis of Some Experiences. Journal of Cleaner Production, 6, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(98)00029-8
Cote, R. and Hal, J. (1995) Industrial Parks as Ecosystems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 3, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(95)00041-C
Chertow, M. (1997) The Source of Value: An Executive Briefing and Sourcebook on Industrial Ecology. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1, 151-152. https://doi.org/10.1162/jiec.1997.1.2.151
Gertler, N. (1995) Industrial Ecosystems: Developing Sustainable Industrial Structures thesis. Technology and Policy Program, Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Nemerow, N.L. and Dasgupta, A. (1986) Environmentally Balanced Sugar Refinery Complex. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 112, 229-235. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1986)112:2(229)
Nemerow, N.L. (2007) Industrial Waste Treatment: Contemporary Practice and Vision for the Future. Elsevier Inc., Oxford.
Nakhla, D.A. and El Haggar, S. (2014) A Proposal to Environmentally Balanced Sugarcane Industry in Egypt. International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research, 2, 321-328.
Zaki, T. and Khayal, A. (2010) Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in Egypt. The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of the Information Expertise Network in Mashreq and Maghreb Countries.
Mashali, S., El-Essawi, T., Youssif, T. and Hafz, O. (2009) Effect of Different Industrial Wastes on Soil Quality at Different Locations of Egypt.
Sakr, D., Baas, L., El-Haggar, S. and Huisingh, D. (2011) Critical Success and Limiting Factors for Eco-Industrial Parks: Global Trends and Egyptian Context. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19, 1158-1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.01.001