The quality of water is a vital concern for mankind since it is directly linked to human health. The present work is carried out with an objective to assess and map the spatial variability in the groundwater quality parameters in Mandvi Taluka, Surat district Gujarat, India. A total fifty-seven representative ground-water samples from different bore wells and hand pumps from Mandvi Taluka has been collected and analyzed for major cation and anions with fluoride concentration for the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Ground water in the region is found alkaline, with presence of bicarbonates in nature and very hard. Weathering and leaching of F - bearing minerals under the alkaline conditions favors the high F - concentration. Presence of low total hardness, low calcium hardness, high chlorides, high bicarbonates and some anthropogenic factors such as intensive and long-term irrigation, heavy use of fertilizers are the supplementary factors to further enhance the F - concentrations in the groundwater. Moreover, GIS spatial distribution maps give better visual image to understand the spatial distribution pattern to overlook better conclusion.
KeywordsGroundwater QualityFluorideSpatial Distribution Map
Bell, M.C. and Ludwig, T.G. (1970) The Study of Fluoride to man: Ingestion from Water, in Fluorides and Human Health. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Shomar, B., Mulle, G., Yahya, A., Askar, S. and Sansur, R. (2004) Fluoride in Groundwater, Soil, and Infest-Black Tea and the Occurrence of Dental Fluorosis among School Children of the Gaza Strip. Journal of water and Health, 2, 23-35.
Handa, B.K. (1975) Geochemistry and Genesis of Fluoride-Containing Ground Waters in India. Groundwater, 13, 275-281.
Ripa, L.W. (1993) A Half-Century of Community Water Fluoridation in the United States: Review and Commentary. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 53, 17-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1993.tb02666.x
WHO (1984) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Values 3; Drinking Water Quality Control in Small Community Supplies. WHO, Geneva, 212 p.
Ayoob, S. and Gupta, A.K. (2006) Fluoride in Fluoride Areas: Drinking Water: A Review on the Status and Stress Effects. Critical Review on Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 433-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380600678112
Raju, N., Dey, S. and Das, K. (2009) Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Current Science, 96, 979-985.
Ramamohana Rao, N.V., Suryaprakasa Rao, K. and Schuiling, R.D. (1993) Fluorine Distribution in Waters of Nalgonda District, A.P., India. Environmental Geology, 21, 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00775055
Subba Rao, N., Prakaksa Rao, J., Nagamalleswara Rao, B., Niranian baba, P., Madhusudiana reddy, P. and John Devadas, D. (1998) A Preliminary Report on Fluoride Content in Groundwater of Guntur Area, Andhra Pradesh, India. Current Science, 75, 887-888.
Subba Rao, N. and John Devadas, D. (2003) Fluoride Incidence in Ground Waters in a Part of Peninsular India. Environmental Geology, 45, 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0873-3
Srinivasamoorthy, K., Nanthakumar, C., Vasanthavigar, M., Vijayaraghavan, K., Rajivgandhi, R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R. and Vasudevan, S. (2009) Groundwater Quality Assessment from a Hard Rock Terrain, Salem District of Tamilnadu, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 4, 91-102.
Mohan, R., Singh, A.K., Tripathi, J.K. and Chowdhary, G.C. (2000) Hydrochemistry and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in Naini Industrial Area, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 55, 77-89.
Subba Rao, N., Prakasa Rao, J., John Devadas, D., Srinivasa Rao, K.V., Krishna, C. and Nagamalleswara Rao, B. (2002) Hydro Geochemistry and Groundwater Quality in a Developing Urban Environment of a Semi-Arid Region, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 59, 159-166.
Ahmed, S.S., Mazumder, H., Jahan, C.S., Ahmed, M. and Islam, S. (2002) Hydrochemistry and Classification of Groundwater, Rajshahi City Corporation Area, Bangladesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 60, 411-418.
Bathrellos, G.D., Skilodimou, H.D., Kelepertsis, A., Alexakis, D., Chrisanthaki, I. and Archonti, D. (2008) Environmental Research of Groundwater in the Urban and Suburban Areas of Attica Region, Greece. Environmental Geology, 56, 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1135-6
Stamatis, G., Lambrakis, N., Alexakis, D. and Zagana, V. (2006) Groundwater Quality in Mesogea Basin in Eastern Attica (Greece). Hydrological Processes, 20, 2803-2818. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6072
Wen, X.H., Wu, Y.Q. and Wu, J. (2008) Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in the Zhangye Basin, Northwestern China. Environmental Geology, 55, 1713-1724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1122-y
Anku, Y.S., Banoeng-Yakubo, B., Asiedu, D.K. and Yidana, S.M. (2009) Water Quality Analysis of Groundwater in Crystalline Basement Rocks, Northern Ghana. Environmental Geology, 58, 989-997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1578-4
Daniel, J. and Karuppasamy (2012) Evaluation of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Virudhunagar District, India. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, 1, 12-19.
Kumar, A. and Kumar, V. (2015) Fluoride Contamination in Drinking Water and Its Impact on Human Health of Kishanganj, Bihar, India. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 5, 76-84.
Deshmukh, A.N., Shah, K.C. and Sriram, A. (1995) Coal Ash: A Source of Fluoride Pollution. A Case Study of Koradi Thermal Power Station, District Nagpur, Maharashtra. Gondwana Geological Magazine, 9, 21-29.
Rao, S. (2009) Fluoride in Groundwater, Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152, 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0295-5
APHA (American Public Health Association) (1995) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th Edition, Washington DC, 1467.
Saxena, V.K. and Ahmed, S. (2003) Inferring the Chemical Parameters for the Dissolution of Fluoride in Groundwater. Environmental Geology, 43, 731-736.
Meenakshi, Garg, V.K., Kavita, Renuka and Malik, A. (2004) Groundwater Quality in Some Villages of Haryana, India: Focus on Fluoride and Fluorosis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 106, 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2003.09.007
Rizwan, R. and Gurdeep, S. (2013) Ground Water Quality Status with Respect to Fluoride Concentration in Industrial Area of Angul District Orissa, India. Indian Journal of Scientific Research and Technology, 1, 54-61.
Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. 3rd Edition, Academic Press, San Diego.
Saleh, A., Al-Ruwih, F. and Shehata, M. (1999) Hydro Geochemical Process Operating within the Main Aquifers of Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments, 42, 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0511
Durfor, C.N. and Becker, E. (1964) Public Water Supplies of 100 Largest Cities in United States. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 1812, 364 p.
Tamta, S.K. (1994) Possible Mechanism for Concentration of Fluoride in Groundwater. Bhujal News, 6, 5-11.
Mondal, N.C., Singh, V.S., Saxena, V.K. and Prasad, R.K. (2008) Improvement of Groundwater Quality Due to Fresh Water Ingress in Potharlanka Island, Krishna Delta, India. Environmental Geology, 55, 595-603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1010-5
Subba Rao, N. (2002) Geochemistry of Groundwater in Parts of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 41, 552-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100431
Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, Rajiv Ganthi, R., Chidambaram, S., Sarma, V.S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R. and Vasudevan, S. (2009) Hydro Geochemistry of Thirumanimuttar Basin: An Indication of Weathering and Anthropogenic Impact. International Journal of Environmental Research, 3, 617-628.
Subba Rao, N., Surya Rao, P., Venktram Reddy, G., Nagamani, M., Vidyasagar, G. and Satyanarayana, N.L.V.V. (2012) Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater and Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 5189-5214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2333-y
Subba Rao, N. (2003) Groundwater Prospecting and Management in an Agro-Based Rural Environment of Crystalline Terrain of India. Environmental Geology, 43, 419-431.
Marie, A. and Vengosh, A. (2001) Sources of Salinity in Ground Water from Jericho Area, Jordan Valley. Ground Water, 39, 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02305.x
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2012) Indian Standard (IS: 10500, 2012) Drinking Water Specification (Reaffirmed 1993). New Delhi.
Subba Rao, N. (2003) Groundwater Quality: Focus on Fluoride Concentration in Rural Parts of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48, 835-847. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.48.5.835.51449
Umar, R. and Alam, F. (2011) Assessment of Hydro-Geochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in Parts of Hindon-Yamuna Interfluve Region, Baghpat District, Western Uttar Pradesh. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 2321-2336.
Subba Rao, N. (1992) Factors Affecting Optimum Development of Ground Waters in the Crystalline Terrain of the Eastern Ghats, Visakhapatnam Area, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 40, 462-467.
Robinson, W.D. and Edington, G. (1946) Fluorine in Soils. Soil Science, 61, 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194605000-00001
Hem, J.D. (1991) Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Book 2254, 3rd Edition, Scientific Pub, Jodhpur.
Wodeyar, B.K. and Sreenivasan, G. (1996) Occurrence of Fluoride in the Ground Waters and Its Impact in Peddavankahalla Basin, Bellary District, Karnataka, India—A Preliminary Study. Current Science, 70, 71-74.
Subba Rao, N., Krishna Rao, G. and John Devadas, D. (1998a) Variation of Fluoride in Ground Waters of Crystalline Terrain. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 6, 1-5.
Perez, E.S. and Sanz, J. (1999) Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water in the Province of Soria, Central Spain. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21, 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006658607500
Saxena, V.K. and Ahmed, S. (2001) Dissolution of Fluoride in Groundwater: A Water-Rock Interaction Study. Environmental Geology, 40, 1084-1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100290