A Comparison of Batch, Column and Heap Leaching Efficiencies for the Recovery of Heavy Metals from Artificially Contaminated Simulated Soil — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
A Comparison of Batch, Column and Heap Leaching Efficiencies for the Recovery of Heavy Metals from Artificially Contaminated Simulated Soil
Chemistry and Environmental Science Division, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
,
Chemistry and Environmental Science Division, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
,
Chemistry and Environmental Science Division, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
,
School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
,
Molecular Science Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
1 Chemistry and Environmental Science Division, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
2 Chemistry and Environmental Science Division, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
3 Chemistry and Environmental Science Division, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
4 School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
5 Molecular Science Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
This paper shows the effect of three different leaching processes and 4 different leaching agents on the extraction of five metals of interest from an artificially contaminated simulated soil (SS). For the first time, it is shown that these processes and extractants could be compared directly, as the soil was a constant variable. The interest of this study is that the recovery of metals that are of importance in the circular economy, have been demonstrated from an unusual resource, soil. Metal reserves are constantly decreasing worldwide and alternative resources becoming topical. Urban mining of contaminated land and/or waste sites, therefore, becomes an attractive choice for metal extraction/recovery. This study has shown that metal extraction of up to 50% efficiency could be achieved. Furthermore, EDTA proved to be the best overall extractant when used in batch leaching processes. However, different metals showed preferential recoveries with specific processes and extractants. Therefore the results suggest that the design of a contaminant-specific leaching process performed in a sequential manner could not only leach the metals, but also achieve reasonable separation of the metals.
Kesler, S.E. (2010) Geological Stocks and Prospects for Non-Renewable Resources, in Linkages of Sustainability. The MIT Press, Cambridge, 109-129. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262013581.003.0007
Gordon, R.B., Bertram, M. and Graedel, T.E. (2006) Metal Stocks and Sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 1209-1214. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509498103
Henckens, M.L.C.M., Driessen, P.P.J. and Worrell, E. (2016) The Sustainable Extraction of Primary Zinc and Molybdenum. An Investigation of Measures to Reduce Primary Zinc and Molybdenum Use to a Sustainable Level.
Brierley, C.L. (2008) How Will Biomining Be Applied in Future. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 18, 1302-1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60002-9
Kostov, A., Dimitrijevic, M., Tasic, V. and Milosevic, N. (2008) Influence of Pyrometallurgical Copper Production on the Environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 892-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.099
Sapsford, D., Cleall, P. and Harbottle, M. (2016) In Situ Resource Recovery from Waste Repositories: Exploring the Potential for Mobilization. Journal Sustainable Metallurgy, 3, 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-016-0102-4
Johansson, N., Krook, J. and Eklund, M. (2013) An Integrated Review of Concepts and Initiatives for Mining the Technosphere: Towards a New Taxonomy. Journal of Clean Production, 55, 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.04.007
EEA (2007) State of the Environment Report No. 1/2007 Europe’s Environment—The Fourth Assessment. European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen.
Dermont, G., Bergeron, M., Mercier, G. and Richer-Lafleche, M. (2008) Soil Washing for Metal Removal: A Review of Physical/Chemical Technologies and Field Applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.043
Anikwe, M.A.N. and Nwaobodo, K.C.A. (2002) Long Term Effect of Municipal Waste Disposal on Soil Properties and Productivity of Sites of Nigeria. Bioresource Technology, 83, 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00154-7
Odewande, A.A. and Abimbola, A.F. (2008) Contamination Indices and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Urban Soil of Ibadan Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30, 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-007-9112-2
Hultman, J. and Corvellec, H. (2012) The European Waste Hierarchy: From the Sociomateriality of Waste to a Politics of Consumption. Environmental Planning, 44, 2413-2427. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44668
Sadhukhan, J., Ng, K.S. and Martinez-Hernandez, E. (2016) Novel Integrated Mechanical Biological Chemical Treatment (MBCT) Systems for the Production of Levulinic Acid from Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: A Comprehensive Techno-Economic Analysis. Bioresource Technology, 215, 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.030
Grathwohl, P. and Susset, B. (2009) Comparison of Percolation to Batch and Sequential Leaching Tests: Theory and Data. Waste Management Journal, 29, 2681-2688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.016
Jackson, D.R., Garrett, B.C. and Bishop, T.A. (1984) Comparison of Batch and Column Methods for Assessing Leachability of Hazardous Waste. Environmental Science and Technology, 18, 668-673. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00127a007
Garrabrants, A.C. and Kosson, D.S. (2005) Leaching Processes and Evaluation Tests for Inorganic Constituent Release from Cement-Based Matrices. In: Spence, R. and Shi, C., Eds., Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous, Radioactive and Mixed Waste, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 229-280. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420032789.ch10
Al-Abed, S.R., Jegadeesan, G., Purandare, J. and Allen, D. (2008) Leaching Behaviour of Mineral Processing Waste: Comparison of Batch and Column Investigations. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153, 1088-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.063
Ham, R.K., Anderson, M.A., Stanforth, R. and Stegmann, R. (1979) Background Study on the Development of a Standard Leaching Test. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, EPA/600/2-79/109 (NTIS PB298280).
van der Sloot, H.A., van Zomeren, A., Dijkstra, J.J., Hoede, D., Jacobs, J. and Scharff, H. (2003) Prediction of Long Term Leachate Quality and Chemical Speciation for a Predominantly Inorganic Waste Landfill. 9th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Santa Margherita di Pula, 6-10 October 2003, 36-38.
Kendall, D.S. (2003) Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure and Iron Treatment of Brass Foundry Waste. Environment, Science and Technology, 37, 367-371. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020621n
Wasay, S.A. (1992) Leaching Study of Toxic Trace Elements from Fly Ash in Batch and Column Experiment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A, 27, 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529209375755
Dijkstra, J.J., van der Sloot, H.A., Meeussen, J.C.L. and Comans, R.N.J. (2006) Local Chemical Equilibrium Makes Column Test Protocol TS14405 Suitable for Model Predictions. 6th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials Science and Engineering of Recycling for Environmental Protection, Belgrade, 30 May-2 June, 2006, 345-348.
Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S., Mgbeahuruike, L.U., van Dyk, L., Barret, J. and Potgieter, J.H. (2017) Predictive Potential of Individual Soil Components on the Leaching Behaviour of Metal Contaminants from a Simulated Soil.
OECD (1984) Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests. OECD Guidelines for Testing of chemicals, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, Test No. 207.
ISO (1998) Soil Quality: Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Part 2: Determination of Effects on Reproduction.
DPR (Department of Petroleum Resources) (2002) Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria.
Roman, R.J., Benner, B.R. and Becker, G.W. (1974) Diffusion Model for Heap Leaching and Its Application to Scale-Up. Transactions of the Society of Mining Engineers, 256, 247-252.
Schlitt, W.J. (2006) History of Forced Aeration in Copper Sulphide Leaching. SME Annual Meeting, 27-29 March 2006, St. Louis, MO, 6-17.
Soil Conservation Services USDAH (1975) Soil Taxonomy, a Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff Report, Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Chen, M., Xu, P., Zeng, G., Yang, C., Huaug, D. and Zhang, J. (2015) Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Petroleum, Pesticides, Chlorophenols and Heavy Metals by Composting: Applications, Microbes and Future Research Needs. Biotechnology Advancement, 33, 745-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.003
McGrath, S.P., Sun, B., Zhao, F.J. and Lombi, E. (2001) Leaching of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils Using EDTA. Environmental Pollution, 113, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00176-7
Kordosky, G.A. (1992) Copper Solvent Extraction: The State of the Art. Journal of Metals, 44, 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03223049
Kovo, G.A., Folasegun, A.D. and Kayode, O.A. (2015) Mechanism on the Sorption of Heavy Metals from Binary Solution by a Low Cost Montmorillonite and Its Desorption Potential. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 54, 757-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.03.025
Zaleckas, E., Paulauskas, V. and Sendzikiene, E. (2013) Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge and Their Removal Using Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids. Journal Environmental Engineering Landscape Management, 21, 189-198. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2012.695734
Evangelou, M.W.H., Ebel, M. and Schaeffer, A. (2007) Chelate Assisted Phytoextracton of Heavy Metals from Soils. Effect, Mechanism, Toxicity and Fate of the Chelating. Chemosphere, 68, 989-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.062
Peters, R.W. (1999) Chelant Extraction of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 66, 151-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00010-2
Sánchez-Chacón, A.E. and Lapidus, G.T. (1997) Model for Heap Leaching of Gold Ores by Cyanidation. Hydrometallurgy, 44, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(96)00052-7
Xie, T. and Marshall, W.D. (2001) Approaches to Soil Remediation by Complexometric Extraction of Metal Contaminants with Regeneration of Reagents. Journal Environmental Monitoring, 3, 411-416. https://doi.org/10.1039/b009876k
Steele, M.C. and Pichtel, J. (1998) Ex-Situ Remediation of a Met-al-Contaminated Superfund Soil Using Selective Extractants. Journal Environmental Engineering—American Society of Chemical Engineers, 124, 639-645. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:7(639)
Podyachev, S.N., Sudakova, S.N., Galiev, A.K., Mustafina, A.R., Syakaev, V.V., Shagidullin, R.R., Bauer, I. and Konovalou, A.I. (2006) Synthesis of Tris and Study of Their Complexation with Some Transition Metals. Russian Chemical Bulletin, International Edition, 55, 2000-2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-006-0542-2
Orama, M., Hyvonen, H. and Saarinen, H.A.R. (2002) Complexation of [S,S] and Mixed Stereoisomers of N’N-ethylenediaminedisuccinic Acid (EDDS with F(III), Cu (II), Zn (II) and M (II) Ions in Aqueous Solution. Journal of the Chemical Society Dalton Transactions, 24, 4644-4648. https://doi.org/10.1039/B207777A
Tsang, D.W.C., Yip, T.C.M. and Lo, I.M.C. (2009) Kinetic Interactions of EDDS with Soils. 2. Metal-EDDS Complexes in Uncontaminated and Metal-Contaminated Soils. Environmental Science Technology, 43, 837-842. https://doi.org/10.1021/es8020292
Tandy, S., Bossart, K., Mueller, R., Ritschel, J., Hauser, L., Schulin, R. and Nowack, B. (2004) Extraction of Heavy Metals from Soils Using Biodegradable Chelating Agents. Environment Science Technology, 38, 937-944. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0348750
Schecher, W.D. and McAvoy, D.C. (2001) MINEQL+: A Chemical Equilibrium Modelling System, Version 4.5 for Windows. Environmental Research Software, Hallowell.
Koopmans, G.F., Schenkeveld, W.D.C., Song, J., Luo, Y., Japenga, J. and Temminghoff, E.J.M. (2008) Influence of EDDS on Metal Speciation in Soil Extracts: Measurement and Mechanistic Multicomponent Modelling. Environmental Science Technology, 42, 1123-1130. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071694f
Elliot, H.A. and Shastri, N.L. (1999) Extractive Decontamination of Metal-Polluted Soils Using Oxalate. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 110, 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005067404259
Martell, A.E. and Smith, R.M. (2003) NIST Critically Selected Stability Constants of Metal Complexes. Version 7.0, NIST, Gaithersburg.
Yip, T.C.M., Yan, D.Y.S., Yui, M.M.T., Tsang, D.C.W. and Lo, I.M.C. (2010) Heavy Metal Extraction from an Artificially Contaminated Sandy Soil under EDDS Deficiency: Significance of Humic Acid and Chelant Mixtures. Chemosphere, 80, 416-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.033
Acevedo, F. (2002) Present and Future of Bioleaching in Developing Countries. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 52, 56. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol5-issue2-fulltext-10
Nowack, B., Hauser, L., Tandy, S. and Schulin, R. (2005) Column Extraction of Heavy Metals from Soils Using the Biodegradable Chelating Agent EDDS. Environmental Science Technology, 39, 6819-6824. https://doi.org/10.1021/es050143r