This study determined the adsorption ability of modified sponge gourd fibre in adsorbing crude oil from simulated oil-water mixture. Modification was done on the adsorbent by treating with hot water and sodium hydroxide. The dependence of the adsorption process on particle size of the fibre was determined using mesh sizes of 4.75, 2.36, 1.18 and 0.85 mm. The hot water treatment significantly increased the adsorbing ability of the sponge gourd, removing 83.3% of the crude oil from the mixture, alkaline treated sample removed 45.1% and the raw sample removed 22.9%. The result of the SEM images shows that hot water treated sample has more pores on the surface which influenced the better performance. The FTIR results obtained after the adsorption show the successful adsorption of crude oil on to the surface of the sponge gourd due to the presence of functional groups characteristics of groups found in crude oil. An optimum particle size for the sponge gourd was found to exist at the value of 1.18 mm, above and below which the crude oil removed was reduced. The modification of sponge gourd promoted the adsorption capacity for crude oil.
Nwadiogbu, J., Ajiwe, V. and Okoye, P. (2016) Removal of Crude Oil from Aqueous Medium by Sorption on Hydrophobic Corncobs: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 10, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.03.014
Jain, P., Gupta, V., Gaur, R., Lowry, M., Jaroli, D. and Chauhan, U. (2011) Bioremediation of Petroleum Oil Contaminated Soil and Water. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 5, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjet.2011.1.26
Sathasivam, K. and Haris, M.R.H.M. (2010) Adsorption Kinetics and Capacity of Fatty Acid-Modified Banana Trunk Fibers for Oil in Water. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 213, 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0395-z
Adelana, S., Adeosun, T., Adesina, A. and Ojuroye, M. (2011) Environmental Pollution and Remediation: Challenges and Management of Oil Spillage in the Nigerian Coastal Areas. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 2, 834-845. https://doi.org/10.5251/ajsir.2011.2.6.834.845
Al Zubaidy, I.A., Zaffar, U., Chowdhury, N., Mustafa, N., Varughese, V., Ahmed, R., Alharmoudi, R.A., Shahid, A. and Gomes, E.E. (2014) Adsorption Study of Bio-Degradable Natural Sorbents for Remediation of Water from Crude Oil. International Conference on Natural Science and Environment, Sharjah, 2015, 138-142.
Sidik, S., Jalil, A., Triwahyono, S., Adam, S., Satar, M. and Hameed, B. (2012) Modified Oil Palm Leaves Adsorbent with Enhanced Hydrophobicity for Crude Oil Removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 203, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.132
Lim, T.-T. and Huang, X. (2007) Evaluation of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) as a Natural Hollow Hydrophobic-Oleophilic Fibrous Sorbent for Oil Spill Cleanup. Chemosphere, 66, 955-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.062
Said, A.E.-A.A., Ludwick, A.G. and Aglan, H.A. (2009) Usefulness of Raw Bagasse for Oil Absorption: A Comparison of Raw and Acylated Bagasse and Their Components. Bioresource Technology, 100, 2219-2222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.060
Wang, D., Silbaugh, T., Pfeffer, R. and Lin, Y. (2010) Removal of Emulsified Oil from Water by Inverse Fluidization of Hydrophobic Aerogels. Powder Technology, 203, 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2010.05.021
Bayat, A., Aghamiri, S.F., Moheb, A. and Vakili-Nezhaad, G.R. (2005) Oil Spill Cleanup from Sea Water by Sorbent Materials. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 28, 1525-1528. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200407083
Michel, J., Adams, E., Addassi, Y., Copeland, T., Greeley, M., James, B., Mcgee, B., Mitchelmore, C., Onishi, Y. and Payne, J. (2005) Oil Spill Dispersants. Efficacy and Effects. Natural Research Council of the National Academies, the National Academies Press, Washington DC.
Rosales, P.I., Suidan, M.T. and Venosa, A.D. (2010) A Laboratory Screening Study on the Use of Solidifiers as a Response Tool to Remove Crude Oil Slicks on Seawater. Chemosphere, 80, 389-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.036
Sharma, K. (2011) On Centrifugal High Volume Separation of Oil and Water. AIChE Annual Meeting, Conference Proceedings, Minneapolis, 2011.
Hubbe, M.A., Rojas, O.J., Fingas, M. and Gupta, B.S. (2013) Cellulosic Substrates for Removal of Pollutants from Aqueous Systems: A Review. 3. Spilled Oil and Emulsified Organic Liquids. BioResources, 8, 3038-3097. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.2.3038-3097
Correa, M., Padrón, E. and Petkoff, I. (1997) The San Rafael de Laya Oil Spill: A Case of Cleanup and Remediation in Venezuela. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, April 1997, Vol. 1997, No. 1, 932-935. https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-932
Tanobe, V.O., Sydenstricker, T.H., Munaro, M. and Amico, S.C. (2005) A Comprehensive Characterization of Chemically Treated Brazilian Sponge-Gourds (Luffa cylindrica). Polymer Testing, 24, 474-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2004.12.004
Escócio, V.A., Pacheco, E.B., de Sousa, A.M.F. and Acs, M. (2017) Study of Natural Fibers from Waste from Sponge Gourd, Peach Palm Tree and Papaya Pseudstem.
Saini, J.K., Saini, R. and Tewari, L. (2015) Lignocellulosic Agriculture Wastes as Biomass Feedstocks for Second-Generation Bioethanol Production: Concepts and Recent Developments. 3 Biotech, 5, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0246-5
Wong, C., McGowan, T., Bajwa, S.G. and Bajwa, D.S. (2016) Impact of Fiber Treatment on the Oil Absorption Characteristics of Plant Fibers. BioResources, 11, 6452-6463. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.3.6452-6463
Annunciado, T., Sydenstricker, T. and Amico, S. (2005) Experimental Investigation of Various Vegetable Fibers as Sorbent Materials for Oil Spills. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 1340-1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.043
Adebajo, M.O., Frost, R.L., Kloprogge, J.T., Carmody, O. and Kokot, S. (2003) Porous Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup: A Review of Synthesis and Absorbing Properties. Journal of Porous Materials, 10, 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027484117065
Kabir, M., Wang, H., Lau, K. and Cardona, F. (2012) Chemical Treatments on Plant-Based Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: An Overview. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43, 2883-2892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.053
Saw, S.K., Purwar, R., Nandy, S., Ghose, J. and Sarkhel, G. (2013) Fabrication, Characterization, and Evaluation of Luffa cylindrica Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites. BioResources, 8, 4805-4826. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.4.4805-4826
Seki, Y., Sever, K., Erden, S., Sarikanat, M., Neser, G. and Ozes, C. (2012) Characterization of Luffa cylindrica Fibers and the Effect of Water Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Its Composite with Polyester. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 123, 2330-2337. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34744
Horwitz, W. and Latimer, G. (2007) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 2000. Gaithersburg.
Michel, F., Thibault, J.F., Barry, J.L. and de Baynast, R. (1988) Preparation and Characterisation of Dietary Fibre from Sugar Beet Pulp. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 42, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740420109
Okezie, B.O. and Bello, A. (1988) Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Winged Bean Flour and Isolate Compared with Soy Isolate. Journal of Food Science, 53, 450-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb07728.x
Guimaraes, J., Frollini, E., Da Silva, C., Wypych, F. and Satyanarayana, K. (2009) Characterization of Banana, Sugarcane Bagasse and Sponge Gourd Fibers of Brazil. Industrial Crops and Products, 30, 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.07.013
Mwaikambo, L.Y. and Ansell, M.P. (2002) Chemical Modification of Hemp, Sisal, Jute, and Kapok Fibers by Alkalization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 84, 2222-2234. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10460
Ghali, L., Msahli, S., Zidi, M. and Sakli, F. (2009) Effect of Pre-Treatment of Luffa Fibres on the Structural Properties. Materials Letters, 63, 61-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2008.09.008
Anbukarasi, K. and Kalaiselvam, S. (2015) Study of Effect of Fibre Volume and Dimension on Mechanical, Thermal, and Water Absorption Behaviour of Luffa Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Materials & Design, 66, 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.078
Boynard, C., Monteiro, S. and d’Almeida, J. (2003) Aspects of Alkali Treatment of Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) Fibers on the Flexural Properties of Polyester Matrix Composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 87, 1927-1932. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11522
Bulut, Y., Gozübenli, N. and Aydin, H. (2007) Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies for Adsorption of Direct Blue 71 from Aqueous Solution by Wheat Shells. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 144, 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.027
Ngah, W.W. and Hanafiah, M. (2008) Biosorption of Copper Ions from Dilute Aqueous Solutions on Base Treated Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Leaves Powder: Kinetics, Isotherm, and Biosorption Mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20, 1168-1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62205-6