The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different additives including biochar, effective micro-organisms (EM), animal manure and commercial microbial inoculants on the bioconversion of rice straw. Different compost piles were constructed, and each contained 50 kg of rice straw and mixture of natural rocks to enrich the compost nutritional value. The physical, chemical and biological parameters indicating the decomposition of organic material, maturation and quality of the organic fertilizer product were investigated during the composting process. A rapid increase in compost temperature was obtained in inoculated piles. All piles reached maturation after around 42 days. All analysis of the properties of the final compost products indicated that it was in the range of the matured level and can be used as organic fertilizer without limitation. The highest decomposition rate and highest organic fertilizer quality were obtained in the pile inoculated with EM and 10% biochar compared to other treatments.
Kamel, S., El-Sattar, H.A., Vera, D. and Jurado, F. (2018) Bioenergy Potential from Agriculture Residues for Energy Generation in Egypt. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.070
Nakhla, D.A., Hassan, M.G. and El-Haggar, S. (2013) Impact of Biomass in Egypt on Climate Change. Natural Science, 5, 678-684. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2013.56083
Abdel-Rahman, A.M., El-Din, M.N., Refaat, B.M., Abdel-Shakour, E.H., El-Din Ewais, E. and Alrefaey, H.M.A. (2016) Biotechnological Application of Thermotolerant Cellulose-Decomposing Bacteria in Composting of Rice Straw. Annals of Agricultural Science, 61, 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2015.11.006
Abdelhady, S. and Rispoli, F. (2014) Viability Study of Biomass Power Plant Fired with Rice Straw in Egypt. Energy Procedia, 61, 211-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1072
Abdel-Rahman, M.A., Tashiro, Y. and Sonomoto, K. (2011) Lactic Acid Production from Lignocellulose-Derived Sugars Using Lactic Acid Bacteria: Overview and Limits. Journal of biotechnology, 156, 286-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.017
Sakdaronnarong, C. and Jonglertjunya, W. (2012) Rice Straw and Sugarcane Bagasse Degradation Mimicking Lignocellulose Decay in Nature: An Alternative Approach to Biorefinery. Science Asia, 38, 364-372. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2012.38.364
El Haggar, S. (2007) Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management: Cradle-to-Cradle for Sustainable Development. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373623-9/50012-5
Omar, H. and El Haggar, S. (2017) Zero Waste Rural Community Complex (ZWRC2). Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 6, 105-118. https://doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i1.10601
Qian, X.Y., et al. (2014) Co-Composting of Livestock Manure with Rice Straw: Characterization and Establishment of Maturity Evaluation System. Waste Management, 34, 530-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.007
Bernal, M.P., Alburquerque, J.A. and Moral, R. (2009) Composting of Animal Manures and Chemical Criteria for Compost Maturity Assessment. A Review. Bioresource Technology, 100, 5444-5453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027
He, M.M., Li, W.H., Liang, X.Q., Wu, D.L. and Tian, G.M. (2009) Effect of Composting Process on Phytotoxicity and Speciation of Copper, Zinc and Lead in Sewage Sludge and Swine Manure. Waste Management, 29, 590-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.005
De Guardia, A., et al. (2010) Comparison of Five Organic Wastes Regarding Their Behaviour during Composting: Part 1, Biodegradability, Stabilization Kinetics and Temperature Rise. Waste Management, 30, 402-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.10.019
Liu, D.Y., et al. (2011) Changes in Biochemical and Microbiological Parameters during the Period of Rapid Composting of Dairy Manure with Rice Chaff. Bioresource Technology, 102, 9040-9049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.052
Sánchez-García, M., Alburquerque, J.A., Sánchez-Monedero, M.A., Roig, A. and Cayuela, M.L. (2015) Biochar Accelerates Organic Matter Degradation and Enhances N Mineralisation during Composting of Poultry Manure without a Relevant Impact on Gas Emissions. Bioresource Technology, 192, 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.003
Barthod, J., Rumpel, C. and Dignac, M.-F. (2018) Composting with Additives to Improve Organic Amendments. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 38, 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0491-9
Anwar, Z., Irshad, M., Fareed, I. and Saleem, A. (2015) Characterization and Recycling of Organic Waste after Co-Composting—A Review. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7, 68-79. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n4p68
Jusoh, M.L.C., Abd Manaf, L. and Abdul Latiff, P. (2013) Composting of Rice Straw with Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Its Influence on Compost Quality. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Sci-ence & Engineering, 10, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-10-17
Sánchez-Monedero, M.A., Cayuela, M.L., Roig, A., Jindo, K., Mondini, C. and Bolan, N. (2018) Role of Biochar as an Additive in Organic Waste Composting. Bioresource Technology, 247, 1155-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.193
Liu, N., Zhou, J.L., Han, L.J., Ma, S.S., Sun, X.X. and Huang, G.Q. (2017) Role and Multi-Scale Characterization of Bamboo Biochar during Poultry Manure Aerobic Composting. Bioresource Technology, 241, 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.144
Tiquia, S.M. and Tam, N.F.Y. (1998) Composting of Spent Pig Litter in Turned and Forced-Aerated Piles. Environmental Pollution, 99, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00024-4
Chapman, H.D. and Pratt, P.F. (1962) Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Waters. Soil Science, 93, 68. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196201000-00015
Lu, K. (2000) Agricultural Chemical Analysis Methods. China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing.
Zucconi, F. (1981) Evaluating Toxicity of Immature Compost. Biocycle, 22, 54-57.
Ciavatta, C., Govi, M., Vittori Antisari, L. and Sequi, P. (1990) Characterization of Humified Compounds by Extraction and Fractionation on Solid Polyvynilpyrrolidone. Journal of Chromatography, 509, 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93248-0
Snell, F.D. and Snell, C.T. (1954) Colorimetric Methods of Analysis. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York.
Hassen, A., Belguith, K., Jedidi, N., Cherif, A., Cherif, M. and Boudabous, A. (2001) Microbial Characterization during Composting of Municipal Solid Waste. Bioresource Technology, 80, 217-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00065-7
Makan, A., Assobhei, O. and Mountadar, M. (2012) Effect of Initial Moisture Content on the In-Vessel Composting under Air Pressure of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste in Morocco. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 10, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-10-3
Barrington, S., Choinière, D., Trigui, M. and Knight, W. (2002) Effect of Carbon Source on Compost Nitrogen and Carbon Losses. Bioresource Technology, 83, 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00229-2
Sánchez-Monedero, M.A., Roig, A., Paredes, C. and Bernal, M.P. (2001) Nitrogen Transformation during Organic Waste Composting by the Rutgers System and Its Effects on pH, EC and Maturity of the Composting Mixtures. Bioresource Technlology, 78, 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00031-1
Selim, S.M., Zayed, M.S. and Atta, H.M. (2012) Evaluation of Phytotoxicity of Compost during Composting Process. Nature and Science, 10, 69-77.
Bernal, M.P., Paredes, M.A., Sanchez-Monedero, M.A. and Cegarra, J. (1998) Maturity and Stability Parameters of Composts Prepared with a Wide Range of Organic Wastes. Bioresources Technology, 63, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00084-9
Khalil, A., Beheary, M. and Salem, E. (2001) Monitoring of Microbial Populations and Their Cellulolytic Activities during the Composting of Municipal Solid Wastes. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 17, 155-161. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016682329925
Al-Barakah, F., Samir, R. and Abdel-Aziz, R. (2013) Using Biotechnology in Recycling Agricultural Waste for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Protection. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2, 446-459.
Brinton, W.F. (2000) Compost Quality Standards and Guidelines: An International View. ME, Woods End Research Laboratory Inc.
Lasaridi, K., Protopapa, I., Kotsou, M., Pilidis, G., Manios, T. and Kyriacou, A. (2006) Quality Assessment of Composts in the Greek Market: The Need for Standards and Quality Assurance. Journal of Environmental Management, 80, 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.011
El-Haddad, M.E., Zayed, M.S., El-Sayed, G.A.M., Hassanein, M.K. and Abd El-Satar, A.M. (2014) Evaluation of Compost, Vermicompost and Their Teas Produced from Rice Straw as Affected by Addition of Different Supplements. Annals of Agricultural Science, 59, 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2014.11.013