Flood Resilient Cities: A Syntactic and Metric Novel on Measuring the Resilience of Cities against Flooding, Gothenburg, Sweden — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Flood Resilient Cities: A Syntactic and Metric Novel on Measuring the Resilience of Cities against Flooding, Gothenburg, Sweden
Division of Geoinformatics, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
,
School of Architecture, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
,
School of Architecture, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
1 Division of Geoinformatics, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
2 School of Architecture, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
3 School of Architecture, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Flooding is one of the most destructive natural disasters which have rapidly been growing in frequency and intensity all over the world. In this view, assessment of the resilience of the city against such disturbances is of high necessity in order to significantly mitigate the disaster effects of flooding on the city structures and the human lives. The aim of this paper is to develop a method to assess the resilience of a river city (the city of Gothenburg in Sweden), which is prone to flood Hazard, against such disturbances. By simulating flood inundation with different return periods, in the first step, the areas of impact are determined. To assess the resilience, two different methods are followed. One is a syntactic method grounded in the foreground network in space syntax theory and the other is based on measuring accessibility to the essential amenities in the city. In the first method, similarity and sameness parameters are defined to quantitatively measure the syntactic resilience in the city. In the next step, accessibility to amenities and the minimum distance to amenities before and after each disturbance is measured. The results, in general, show that such disturbances affect the city structure and the resilience of the city differently. For instance, the city is more resilient after flooding according to accessibility measures. This clearly means that the answer to the question of resilience is mainly dependent on “resilience of what and for what.”
Lhomme, S., Serre, D., Diab, Y. and Laganier, R. (2013) Analyzing Resilience of Urban Networks: A Preliminary Step towards More Flood Resilient Cities. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-221-2013
Konrad, C.P. (2003) Effects of Urban Development on Floods. US Geological Survey Hydrology Report. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs07603/
Khattak, M.S., Anwar, F., Saeed, T.U., Sharif, M., Sheraz, K. and Ahmed, A. (2016) Floodplain Mapping Using HEC-RAS and ArcGIS: A Case Study of Kabul River. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 41, 1375-1390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1915-3
Lhomme, S., Serre, D., Diab, Y. and Laganier, R. (2010) GIS Development for Urban Flood Resilience. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 129, 661-671. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC100561
Council Directive (2007/60/EC) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks.
Popovska, C. and Ivanoski, D. (2009) Flood Risk Assessment of Urban Areas. In: Risk Management of Water Supply and Sanitation Systems, Springer, Netherlands, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2365-0_10
CRED (2015) Report on Human Cost of Natural Disasters. A Global Perspective. http://www.cred.be/publications
EU Water Directors (2003) Best Practice on Flood Prevention, Protection, and Mitigation. Water Directors of the European Union, Brussels.
Tucci, C.E. (2007) Urban Flood Management. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.
Singh, V.P. and Woolhiser, D.A. (2002) Mathematical Modelling of Watershed Hydrology. Journal of Hydrological Engineering, ASCE, 7, 270-292. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:4(270)
Zheng, N., Tachikawa, Y. and Takara, K. (2008) A Distributed Flood Inundation Model Integrating with Rainfall-Runoff Processes Using GIS and Remote Sensing Data. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37.
Demir, V. and Kisi, O. (2016) Flood Hazard Mapping by Using Geographic Information System and Hydraulic Model: Mert River, Samsun, Turkey. Advances in Meteorology, 2016. Ecosystems. Springer.
Wiles, J.J. and Levine, N.S. (2002) A Combined GIS and HEC Model for the Analysis of the Effect of Urbanization on Flooding; the Swan Creek Watershed, Ohio. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 8, 47-61. https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.8.1.47
Sole, A., Giosa, L. and Copertino, V. (2007) Risk Flood Areas, a Study Case: Basilicata Region. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 104, 213-228. https://doi.org/10.2495/RM070211
Filipova, V., Rana, A. and Singh, P. (2012) Urban Flooding in Gothenburg, a MIKE 21 Study. Journal of Water Management and Research, 68.
Gil, J. and Steinbach, P. (2008) From Flood Risk to Indirect Flood Impact: Evaluation of Street Network Performance for Effective Management, Response and Repair. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 118, 335-344. https://doi.org/10.2495/FRIAR080321
Holling, C.S. (1973) Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
Abshirini, E. and Koch, D. (2017) Resilience, Space Syntax and Spatial Interfaces: The Case of River Cities. A|Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 14, 25-41. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2017.65265
Folke, C. (2006) Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective for Social-Ecological Systems Analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16, 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
Wilbanks, T. (2007) The Research Component of the Community and Regiona Resilience Initiative (CARRI). Presentation at the Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado-Boulder.
Lhomme, S., Toubin, M., Serre, D., Laganier, R. and Diab, Y. (2011) From Technical Resilience toward Urban Services Resilience. Proceedings of the Fourth Resilience Engineering Symposium, 172-178. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pressesmines.1043
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (2009) Geneva, Switzerland.
Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, M. and Abel, N. (2001) From Metaphor to Measurement: Resilience of What to What? Ecosystems, 4, 765-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0045-9
Bacchin, T.K., Veerbeek, W., Pathirana, A., Denekew, H. and Zevenbergen, C. (2011) Spatial Metrics Modeling to Analyse Correlations between Urban Form and Surface Water Drainage Performance. 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Porto Alegre, 11-15 September 2011. IWA-International Water Association.
Herold, M., Goldstein, N.C. and Clarke, K.C. (2003) The Spatiotemporal Form of Urban Growth: Measurement, Analysis and Modeling. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86, 286-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00075-0
Alberti, M. (2008) Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. Springer, New York, 93-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75510-6_4
Hillier, B. and Hanson, J. (1984) The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597237
Hillier, B, Turner, A., Tang, T. and Tae-Park, H. (2007) Metric and Topo-Geometric Properties of Urban Street Networks: Some Convergences, Divergences and New Results. Proceedings, 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, Cenkler, Istanbul, 001, 01-22.
Marcus, L. and Colding, J. (2014) Toward an Integrated Theory of Spatial Morphology and Resilient Urban Systems. Ecology and Society, 19, 55. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06939-190455
Hillier, B. (1996) Space Is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Koch, D. and Miranda Carranza, P. (2013) Syntactic Resilience. Proceedings of Ninth International Space Syntax Symposium. Sejong University Press, Seoul.
Carpenter, A. (2013) Disaster Resilience and the Social Fabric of Space. Proceedings of the Ninth International Space Syntax. Sejong University, Seoul, 105.
Cutini, V. (2013) The city when it trembles. Earthquake Destructions, Post-Earthquake Reconstruction and Grid Configuration. In: Kim, Y.O., Park, H.T. and Seo, K.W., Eds., Proceedings of the Ninth International Space Syntax, Sejong University, Seoul.
Fakta om Gota alv. (2015) En beskrivning av Gota alv och dess avrinningsomrade nedstroms Vanern 2015. Gota alvs vattenvardsforbund. http://www.gotaalvvvf.org/
Herbring, C. and Naslund-Landenmark, B. (2011) Identifiering av omraden med betydande oversvamningsrisk. Myndigheten for samhallsskydd och beredskap (MSB). Available online: https://www.msb.se/Upload/Nyheter_press/Pressmeddelanden/Slutrapport_PFRA_MSB.pdf
Legeby, A., Berghauser Pont, M. and Marcus, L. (2015) Dela[d] stad - Stadsbyggande och segregation. Metoder: Sociala stadsbyggnadsanalyser. TRITA-ARK Forsknings publikationer 2015, 1-5.
Goodell, C. and Warren, C. (2006) Flood Inundation Mapping Using HEC-RAS. Obras y Proyectos, 18-23.
Hillier, B., W. R. G., Yang, T. and Turner, A. (2012) Normalising Least Angle Choice in Depthmap and How It Opens up New Perspectives on the Global and Local Analysis of City Space. Journal of Space Syntax, 3, 155-193.
Hillier, B. and Iida, S. (2005) Network and Psychological Effects in Urban Movement. In: Spatial Information Theory, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/11556114_30
Bavelas, A. (1950) Communication Patterns in Task-Oriented Groups. The Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 22, 725-730. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1906679
Freeman, L.C. (1977) A Set of Measures of Centrality Based on Betweenness. Sociometry, 40, 35-41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033543