This article presents a study of the employment relations practicing among the interplay between work and non-work life of female employees working in labour-intensive organizations. The main objective of this study is to review how the work-life conflicts of employees are created and to examine the impact of work-life conflict on job dissatisfaction. The research confines to an empirical study using a sample of 310 sewing machine operators (usually females) of an export-oriented Apparel Industry organization. Six hypotheses describing causes for work-life conflicts (independent variables) impacting the dependent variable of job dissatisfaction were established through the literature survey. A Theoretical model was developed linking independent variables and the dependent variable. 25 statements were developed to elaborate on the six (06) independent variables by consultation with the Human Resource Manager and ex-employees. Exploratory factor analysis identified the validity of the thirty-four statements representing independent variables of the model. Pearson Chi-square test was applied to examine the association between the dependent variable and each of six (06) independent variables. This article makes four contributions to the present literature. First, it explores the work-life conflicts encountered by the working class of female employees based on the inter-role conflict theory. Second, it enhances knowledge about establishing hypotheses to develop an association between work-life conflicts and job dissatisfaction. Third, it demonstrates how the model fit is ensured using standard statistical practices. Forth, the statistically validated results of an empirical study add decision supportive information in future studies.
Adikaram, D. S. R. (2016). Impact of Work-Life Balance on Employee Job Satisfaction in Private Sector Commercial Banks of Sri Lanka. International Journal of Scientific Research, and Innovative Technology, 3, 17-29.
Agunbiade, D. A., & Ogunyinka, P. I. (2013). Effect of Correlation Level on the Use of Auxiliary Variable in Double Sampling for Regression Estimation. Open Journal of Statistics, 3, 312-318. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2013.35037
Alhazemi, A., & Ali, W. (2016). The Notion of Work-Life Balance, Determining Factors, Antecedents, and Consequences: A Comprehensive Literature Survey. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, 4, 74-85.
Arunashantha, A. (2019). The Impact of Work-Life Balance on Job Satisfaction: With Special Reference to ABC Private Limited in Sri Lank. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), 3, 97-108.
Asuero, A. G., Sayago, A., & Gonzalez, A. G. (2006). The Correlation Coefficient: An Overview. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 36, 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340500526766
Baral, R., & Bhargava, S. (2010). Work-Family Enrichment as a Mediator between Organizational Interventions for Work-Life Balance and Job Outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 274-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011023749
Bell, A. S., Rajendran, D., & Theiler, S. (2012). Job Stress, Wellbeing and Work-Life Balance of Academics. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 8, 25-37.
Bello, Z., & Tanko, G. I. (2020). Review of Work-Life Balance Theories. GATR Global Journal of Business Social Science Review, 8, 217-227. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.4(3)
Benrazavi, S. R., & Silong, A. D. (2013). Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Its Influence on Willingness to Work in Teams. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 14, 127.
Bhuian, S., & Al-Jabri, I. (2012). Expatriate Turnover Tendencies in Saudi Arabia: An Empirical Examination. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 4, 393-407. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028858
Bingham, C. (2016). Employment Relations: Setting the Scene. In C. Bingham (Ed.), Employment Relations Fairness & Trust in the Workplace (p. 19). SAGE Publications Ltd.
Bradley, L. M., McDonald, P. K., & Brown, K. A. (2010). An Extended Measure of Work-Life Balance Culture: Development Confirmation of the Measure. In Proceedings of Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (pp. 1-23). QUT Digital Repository. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/
Brough, P., Hassan, Z., & O’Driscoll, M. (2014). Work-Life Enrichment. In M. Dollard, A. Shimazu, R. Bin Nordin, P. Brough, & M. Tuckey (Eds.), Psychosocial Factors at Work in the Asia Pacific (pp. 323-336). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8975-2_17
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is Work-Family Balance More than Conflict and Enrichment? Human Relations, 62, 1459-1486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709336500
Chan, L. L., & Idris, N. (2017). Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7, 400-410. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i10/3387
Delina, G., & Raya, R. P. (2013). A Study on Work-Life Balance in Working Women. International Journal of Commerce, Business Management, 2, 274-282.
Dhas, D. B., & Karthikeyan, P. (2018). Work-Life Balance Challenges Solutions: Overview. International Journal of Research in Humanities Social Studies, 2, 10-19.
Dheerasinghe, R. (2009). Garment Industry in Sri Lanka Challenges, Prospects and Strategies. Staff Studies, 33, 33-72. https://doi.org/10.4038/ss.v33i1.1246
Fapohunda, M. (2014). An Exploration of the Effects of Work-Life Balance on Productivity. Journal of Human Resource Management and Labor Studies, 2, 71-89.
Fernando, R., & Sareena, G. (2017). The Factors Affecting the Work-Life Balance of Married Working Women: With Special Reference to Bank of Ceylon Head Office. In The SEUSL 17th International Symposium (pp. 125-133). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324693520
Filippi, S., Suitner, C., Casara, B. G. S., Pirrone, D., & Yerkes, M. (2017). Balancing Identities: How Economic Inequality and Class Affect Work-Life Balance. Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova.
Fisher, G. G., Bulger, C. A., & Smith, C. S. (2014). Beyond Work and Family: A Measure of Work/Nonwork Interference and Enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 441-456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016737
Frone, M. (2003). Work-Family Balance. In Handbook of Occupational Health and Psychology (pp. 143-162). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-007
Gatrell, C. J., Burnett, D. S. B., Cooper, C. L., & Sparrow, P. (2013). Work-Life Balance and Parenthood: A Comparative Review of Definitions, Equity and Enrichment. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15, 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00341.x
Gozuukaraa, I., & Colakoglub, N. (2016). The Mediating Effect of Work-Family Conflict on the Relationship between Job Autonomy and Job Satisfaction. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.136
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The Relation between Work-Family Balance and Quality of Life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 510-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8
Grzywacz, J. G., & Carlson, D. S. (2007). Conceptualizing Work-Family Balance: Implications for Practice and Research. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9, 455-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422307305487
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multi Variate Data Analyse (7th ed., pp. 100-110). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hancock, P., Carastathis, G., Georgiou, J., & Oliveira, M. (2015). Female Workers in Textile and Garment Sectors in Sri Lankan Export Processing Zones (EPZs): Gender Dimensions and Working Conditions. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 38, 63-77. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljss.v38i1.7386
Hudson Global Resources (2005). The Case for Work/Life Balance: Closing the Gap between Policy and Practice. Hudson Australia New Zeal. https://www.academia.edu/6183358/The_Case_for_Work_Life_Balance
Islam, T., Khan, M. M., Ahmed, I., Usman, A., & Ali, M. (2020). Work-Family Conflict and Job Dissatisfaction among Police Officers: Mediation of Threat to Family Role and Moderation of Role Segmentation Enhancement. Policing: An International Journal, 43, 403-415. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2019-0087
Jigjiddorj, S., Zanabazar, A., Jambal, T., & Semjid, B. (2021). Relationship between Organizational Culture, Employee Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. SHS Web of Conferences, 90, Article No. 02004. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219002004
Kanchana, D., & Hamsaveni, C. (2020). Work-Life Balance and Its Relationship with Job Satisfaction of Women Employees in the Garment Industry, Tiruppur. Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, 12, 1006-7930.
Khan, S. (2015). Abusive Supervision and Negative Employee Outcomes: The Moderating Effect of Intimidation and Recognition. Journal of General Management, 41, 61-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/030630701504100105
Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical Notes for Clinical Researchers: Assessing Normal Distribution (2) Using Skewness and Kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38, 52-54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
Kusumawarti, S. (2017). Work-Family Culture as a Corporate Culture. In Advances in Social Science, Education Humanities Research (ASSEHR) (Volume 138, pp. 89-91). Atlantis Press.
Love, K. M., Tatman, A. W., & Chapman, B. P. (2010). Role Stress, Inter-Role Conflict, and Job Satisfaction among University Employees: The Creation and Test of a Model. Journal of Employment Counseling, 47, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2010.tb00088.x
Luthans, F. (2008). Organizational Behavior (International ed.). McGraw Hill.
Menike, H. R. A. (2015). Rural-Urban Disparity in Sri Lanka. IPASJ International Journal of Management (IIJM), 3, 1-12.
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive Statistics and Normality Tests for Statistical Data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
Mokhlis, S., Aleesa, Y., & Mamat, I. (2011). Municipal Service Quality and Citizen Satisfaction in Southern Thailand. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 1, 122-137. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v1i1.717
Morrison, H. M., Whiting, S. W., & Bosco, F. A. (2022). More Money, More Problems? An Examination of the Dynamic Relationship between Income and Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 95, 305-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12387
Mukaka, M. M. (2012). Statistics Corner: A Guide to Appropriate Use of Correlation Coefficient in Medical Research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24, 69-71.
Nadeem, M. A., & Abbas, Q. (2009). The Impact of Work Life Conflict on Job Satisfactions of Employees in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 4, 63-83. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n5p63
Orkibi, H., & Brandt, Y. I. (2015). How Positivity Links with Job Satisfaction: Preliminary Findings on the Mediating Role of Work-Life Balance. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11, 406-418. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i3.869
Pearson, R. H., & Mundfrom, D. J. (2010). Recommended Sample Size for Conducting Exploratory Factor Analysis on Dichotomous Data. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 9, 359-368. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1288584240
Rajapakshe, W. (2018). An Analysis of Major Factors Affecting Labor Turnover in the Apparel Industry in Sri Lanka: Policy Alternations for Solving the Problem. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 7, 214-231. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v7-i3/4542
Ralston, D. A., & Flanagan, M. F. (1985). The Effect of Flextime on Absenteeism and Turnover for Male and Female Employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 26, 206-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(85)90019-3
Rana, R., & Singhal, R. (2015). Chi-Square Test and Its Application in Hypothesis Testing. Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences, 1, 68-71. https://doi.org/10.4103/2395-5414.157577
Rossoni, L., Engelbert, R., & Bellegard, N. L. (2016). Normal Science and Its Tools: Reviewing the Effects of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Management. Revista de Administracao (Sao Paulo), 51, 198-211. https://doi.org/10.5700/rausp1234
Samtharam, S. R., & Baskaran, S. (2021). Job Characteristics, Home Characteristics, Inter-Role Conflict, and Intention to Work-from-Home: Contextual Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11, 1345-1362. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i6/10033
Saratian, E. T. P., Soelton, M., Ali, A. J., Arief, H., Saragih, L., & Risfi, F. (2019). The Implication of Workload in the Workplace That May Provoke Work Stress. Southeast Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 20, 172-177.
Schober, P. (2018). Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 126, 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
Sen, C., & Hooja, H. R. (2018). Work-Life Balance: An Overview. International Journal of Management Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR), 7, 1-6.
Shresta, N. (2020). Factor Analysis as a Tool for Survey Analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9, 4-11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
Sindhuja, K., & Subramaniam, S. (2020). Impact of Work-Life Balance on Employee Retention—A Study on the Banking Sector. International Journal of Management, 7, 78-81. https://doi.org/10.34293/management.v7i3.1629
Stephens, M. A. P., Townsend, A. L., Martire, L. M., & Druley, J. A. (2001). Balancing Parent Care with Other Roles: Inter Role Conflict of Adult Daughter Caregivers. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56, P24-P34. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.1.P24
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making Sense of Cronbach’s Alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When Work-Family Benefits Are Not Enough: The Influence of Work-Family Culture on Benefit Utilization, Organizational Attachment, and Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392-415. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681
Thompson, C., Thompson, D. E., & Orr, B. (2003). A Factor Analysis of Variables Affecting CTSO Advisors’ Satisfaction. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education, 21, 1-4. http://w.natefacs.org/Pages/v21no2/v21no2Thompson.pdf
Turhan, N. S. (2020). Karl Pearson’s Chi-Square Tests. Educational Research and Reviews, 15, 575-580. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2019.3817
Warren, T. (2015). Work-Life Balance/Imbalance: The Dominance of the Middle Class and the Neglect of the Working Class. British Journal of Sociology, 66, 691-717. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12160
Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Guide to Best Practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44, 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
Westring, A. F., & Ryan, A. M. (2010). Personality and Inter-Role Conflict and Enrichment: Investigating the Mediating Role of Support. Human Relations, 63, 1815-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710371236
Wong, P. Y., Bar, N. F. A., & Saili, J. (2017). Workplace Factors Work-Life Balance among Employees in Selected Services Sector. International Journal of Business Society, 18, 677-684.
Xiao, W. S. (2021). The Role of Collectivism-Individualism in Attitudes toward Compliance Psychological Responses during the COVID-19 Panic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article ID: 600826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600826