A Possible Solution to the Disagreement about the Hubble Constant II

Abstract

This work continues the previous study (2018) Journal of Modern Physics. 9, 1827-1837, that proposes that the disagreement arises because the cosmic microwave background (CMB) value for the Hubble constant H 0 is actually for a universe which is decelerating rather than accelerating. It is shown that when H 0 of Freedman et al. (2019) Astrophysical Journal, 882: 34 (24 pp.) is re-determined for redshift z = 0.07, by replacing q 0 = − 0.53 with q 0 = − 0.5 , the new lower value is in excellent agreement (0.1%) with the CMB H 0 . The model is modified to include the clustering of galaxies, and the recognition that there are clusters that do not experience the Hubble expansion, such as the Local Group, and hence, in accordance with the model, within the Local Group the speed of light is c . The bearing of this result on the neutrino and light time delay from SN1987a is discussed. It is suggested that the possible emission of a neutrino from the blazar TXS-0506+56, that was flaring at the time, as well as possible neutrino emission earlier, may arise instead from a more distant source that happens to be, angle-wise, near the blazar, and hence the correlation is accidental. The model is further modified to allow for a variable index of refraction, and a comparison with the ΛCDM model is given. The age of the universe for different values of H 0 is studied, and comparison with the ages of the oldest stars in the Milky Way is discussed. Also, gravitational wave determination of H 0 is briefly discussed.