<b>Problem: </b>The Fresnel equations describe the proportions of reflected and transmitted light from a surface, and are conventionally derived from wave theory continuum mechanics. Particle-based derivations of the Fresnel equations appear not to exist. <b>Approach:</b> The objective of this work was to derive the basic optical laws from first principles from a particle basis. The particle model used was the Cordus theory, a type of non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory that predicts specific substructures to the photon and other particles. <b>Findings:</b> The theory explains the origin of the orthogonal electrostatic and magnetic fields, and re-derives the refraction and reflection laws including Snell’s law and critical angle, and the Fresnel equations for s and p-polarisation. These formulations are identical to those produced by electromagnetic wave theory. <b>Contribution: </b>The work provides a comprehensive derivation and physical explanation of the basic optical laws, which appears not to have previously been shown from a particle basis. <b>Implications:</b> The primary implications are for suggesting routes for the theoretical advancement of fundamental physics. The Cordus NLHV particle theory explains optical phenomena, yet it also explains other physical phenomena including some otherwise only accessible through quantum mechanics (such as the electron spin g-factor) and general relativity (including the Lorentz and relativistic Doppler). It also provides solutions for phenomena of unknown causation, such as asymmetrical baryogenesis, unification of the interactions, and reasons for nuclide stability/instability. Consequently, the implication is that NLHV theories have the potential to represent a deeper physics that may underpin and unify quantum mechanics, general relativity, and wave theory.
Fresnel, A.-J. (2021) On the Calculation of the Tints That Polarization Develops in Crystalline Plates, & Postscript (Translated 2021 Putland, Gavin Richard). Zenodo, 1821(4561712). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4561712
Miyazaki, D. (2014) Fresnel Equations. In: Ikeuchi, K., Ed., Computer Vision : A Reference Guide , Springer, Boston, 305-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31439-6_569
Starke, R. and Schober, G.A.H. (2018) Optik , 157, 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.11.026
Rochford, K. (2002) Polarization and Polarimetry. In: Meyers, R.A., Ed., Encyclop e dia of Physical Science and Technology , 3rd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 521-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227410-5/00590-1
Novoselov, K.S., Mishchenko, A., Carvalho, A. and Castro Neto, A.H. (2016) Science , 353, aac9439. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9439
Tang, L. (2021) Optik , 245, Article ID: 167750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167750
Ilhan, O.A., Manafian, J. and Shahriari, M. (2019) Computers & Mathematics with Applications , 78, 2429-2448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2019.03.048
Ren, J., Ilhan, O.A., Bulut, H. and Manafian, J. (2021) Journal of Geometry and Phy s ics , 164, Article ID: 104159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2021.104159
Alotaibi, H. (2021) Symmetry , 13, Article No. 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13112126
Liu, J. (2015) Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics , 3, 279-284. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2015.33041
Li, W.H. (2016) Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography , 19, 707-714. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720529.2016.1178928
Liu, C., Shi, D. and Li, Z. (2023) Results in Physics , 54, Article ID: 107025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107025
Rinzel, J. and Keller, J.B. (1973) Biophysical Journal , 13, 1313-1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(73)86065-5
Colbeck, R. and Renner, R. (2011) Nature Communications , 2, Article No. 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1416
Taneco-Hernández, M.A., Morales-Delgado, V.F. and Gómez-Aguilar, J.F. (2019) Physica A : Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications , 521, 807-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.01.105
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B. and Rosen, N. (1935) Physical Review , 47, 777-780. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777
Bohm, D. and Bub, J. (1966) Reviews of Modern Physics , 38, 453-469. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.38.453
Pons, D.J. (2020) Journal of Modern Physics , 11, 1560-1575. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2020.1110097
Pons, D.J. (2021) Journal of Modern Physics , No. 12, 1931-1953. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2021.1214110
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2014) Applied Physics Research , 6, 28-46. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v6n2p28
Pons, D.J. (2015) Applied Physics Research , 7, 14-26. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v7n4p24
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2015) Journal of Nuclear and Particle Physics , 5, 58-69.
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2016) Journal of Modern Physics , 7, 1049-1067. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.710094
Pons, D.J. (2020) Journal of Modern Physics , 11, 1598-1619. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2020.1110100
Pons, D.J. (2023) Journal of Modern Physics , 14, 237-270. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2023.143017
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2019) Journal of Modern Physics , 10, 835-860. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2019.107056
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2014) Physics Essays , 27, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-27.1.26
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2013) Applied Physics Research , 5, 107-126. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v5n5107
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2018) Journal of Modern Physics , 9, 500-523. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.93035
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2017) Journal of Modern Physics , 8, 1257-1274. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2017.88082
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2016) Applied Physics Research , 8, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n3p111
Hunsperger, R.G. (1995) Coupling between Waveguides. In: Integrated Optics : Theory and Technology , Springer, Berlin, 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03159-9_7
Makarov, D. (2022) Mathematics , 10, Article No. 4794. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10244794
Foster, D.H., Cook, A.K. and Nöckel, J.U. (2007) Optics Letters , 32, 1764-1766. https://pages.uoregon.edu/noeckel/gooshanchen/ https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.32.001764
Merano, M., Aiello, A., ’t Hooft, G.W., van Exter, M.P., Eliel, E.R. and Woerdman, J.P. (2007) Optics Express , 15, 15928-15934. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.015928
Nöckel, J.U. (2011) Microcavity Modes Created by Non-Specular Reflections. Micro-Optics and Quantum Chaos Group. https://pages.uoregon.edu/noeckel/gooshanchen/
Thorn, J.J., Neel, M.S., Donato, V.W., Bergreen, G.S., Davies, R.E. and Beck, M. (2004) American Journal of Physics , 72, 1210-1219. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1737397
Pons, D.J. and Pons, A.D. (2013) The Open Astronomy Journal , 6, 77-89. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874381101306010077
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2013) Applied Physics Research , 5, 145-174. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v5n6p145
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2013) Applied Physics Research , 5, 23-47. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v5n6p23
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2014) Applied Physics Research , 6, 50-63. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v6n3p50
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2014) Journal of Modern Physics , 5, 1980-1994. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.517193
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2015) Physics Research International , 2015, Article ID: 651361. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/651361
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2015) Applied Physics Research , 7, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v7n2p1
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2015) Applied Physics Research , 7, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v7n1p1
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2015) Applied Physics Research , 7, 18-29. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v7n3p18
Pons, D.J., Pons, A.D. and Pons, A.J. (2016) Journal of Modern Physics , 7, 1277-1295. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.710113
Hendren, W.R. (2001) Multilayer Optical Film Modeling. In: Buschow, K.H.J., et al ., Eds., Encyclopedia of Materials : Science and Technology , Elsevier, Oxford, 5870-5876. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043152-6/01022-6
Iga, K. (2003) Microoptics. In: Meyers, R.A., Ed., Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology , 3rd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 735-754. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227410-5/00441-5
Wang, Q., Jing, J.-Y. and Cheng, Z. (2021) Chapter Eight. Long-Range Surface Plasmon Resonance and Its Biological Sensing Applications. In: Chen, Y.-P. and Ma, T.-F., Eds., Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry , Elsevier, Amsterdam, 277-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2021.08.002
Franceschetti, G. and Riccio, D. (2007) Chapter 4. Analytic Formulations of Electromagnetic Scattering. In: Franceschetti, G. and Riccio, D., Eds., Scattering , Nat u ral Surfaces , and Fractals , Academic Press, Burlington, 115-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012265655-2/50004-0
Marks, T.J. and Ratner, M.A. (1995) Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 34, 155-173. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199501551
Lopez-Martinez, E., Gianolio, D., Garcia-Orrit, S., Vega-Mayoral, V., Cabanillas-Gonzalez, J., Sanchez-Cano, C. and Cortajarena, A.L. (2022) Advanced Optical Materials , 10, Article ID: 2101332. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202101332
Mehrabpour, M., Shamlouei, H.R. and Bahrami, H. (2020) Journal of Molecular Modeling , 26, Article No. 306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-020-04565-4
Wu, W. and Liu, B. (2022) Materials Horizons , 9, 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MH01030A
Sliwa, M., Létard, S., Malfant, I., Nierlich, M., Lacroix, P.G., Asahi, T., Masuhara, H., Yu, P. and Nakatani, K. (2005) Chemistry of Materials , 17, 4727-4735. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm050929o
Tang, C. (2021) Computational Modelling for the Optical Properties of Dye Molecules Adsorbed onto Metallic Nanoparticles. Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington. https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.16557066.v1
Mirderikvand, F., Shamlouei, H.R. and Samiey, B. (2022) Diamond and Related Mat e rials , 129, Article ID: 109381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109381
Shiraogawa, T. and Ehara, M. (2020) The Journal of Physical Chemistry C , 124, 13329-13337. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c01730