Holographic Analysis Determines Proton and Neutron Masses from Electron Mass

Abstract

The Standard Model of particle physics assumes that fundamental fermions are point particles with zero radius, no spatial dimensions, and infinite matter density. This alternative model treats the nine charged fundamental fermions (three leptons and nine quarks) as spheres with non-zero holographic radius. Holographic analysis (based on quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory) specifies electron mass by five fundamental constants: Planck’s constant ℏ , gravitational constant G , fine structure constant α , cosmological constant Λ , and vacuum energy fraction Ω Λ . Protons and neutrons are composite systems of up and down quarks. Describing forces between quark constituents confined within nucleons as inverse square attractive forces, this alternative model identifies composition factors C p and C n to relate proton and neutron masses to electron mass and thus to fundamental constants. An appendix summarizes holographic analyses characterizing astronomical masses at the opposite end of the mass scale for objects in the universe.