The Nine Charged Standard Model Fermions, Treated as Spheres Have Masses Specified by Five Fundamental Constants: ħ , G , α , Λ, and Ω Λ

Abstract

The Standard Model of particle physics, assuming that fundamental fermions are point particles, does not explain why there are only nine charged fundamental fermions nor does it easily explain the masses of those nine charged fermions. This holographic analysis (based on quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory) treats the nine charged fundamental fermions (three leptons and six quarks) as spheres. The analysis specifies charged fundamental fermion masses by five fundamental constants: Planck’s constant ℏ , gravitational constant G , fine structure constant α , cosmological constant Λ , and vacuum energy fraction Ω Λ .