Analysis of annihilation process of electron and positron reveals the existence of residue particle as an end product of the annihilation. Such particle is neutral in electrics and gravitation and momentumless in kinematic motion but polarizable under any field of any nonzero strength. In physical vacuum comprised of such particles, number density of the particles is estimated up to 5 × 10 19 kilomoles per cubic meter. Propagation of electromagnetic wave in such vacuum is along transverse direction of electric fields of the electromagnetic wave and shall accrue energy loss in association with such propagation.
KeywordsAnnihilation of ParticlesPhysical VacuumHubble-Lemaître Correlation
Newton, I. (1687) Philosophiae Nauralis Pincipia Mathematica.
Newton, I. (1704) Opticks: Or, a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light.
Maxwell, J.C. (1865) A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series I , 155, 459-512.
Huygens, C. (1690) Traité de la Lumière: Où sont expliquées les causes de ce qui luy arrive dans la reflexion & dans la refraction. Pierre Vander A, France.
Maxwell, J.C. (1878) Ether. In: Baynes, T.S., Ed., Encyclopædia Britannica 8, 9th Edition, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 568-572.
Michelson, A.A. and Morley, E.W. (1887) On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether. American Journal of Science , 34, 333-345. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-34.203.333
Lorentz, H.A. (1892) De relatieve beweging van de aarde en den aether. Zittingsverlag der Akademie van Wetenschappen , 1, 74-79.
Wang, Y. (2024) Refinement of Newton Gravitation Law. Journal of Modern Physics , 15, 720-763. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.155033
Einstein, A. (1922) Ether and Relativity. Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Weinberg, S. (1977) The Search for Unity: Notes for a History of Quantum Field Theory. Daedlus , 106, 17-35. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20024506
Hertz, H. (1893) Electric Waves. Macmillan and Co.
Einstein, A. (1915) Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation. Sitzungsberichte der Kö-niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschften (Berlin), 844-847.
Planck, M. (1901) Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum. Annalen der Physik , 309, 553-563. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19013090310
Feynman, R.P., Leighton, R.B. and Matthew, S. (1977) The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I: Mainly Mechanics, Radiation, and Heat, Chapter 10-5. Addison-Wesley.
Feynman, R.P. (1985) QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press.
Dirac, P.A.M. (1930) A Theory of Electrons and Protons. Proceedings of the Royal Society A , 126, 360-365. http://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1930.0013
Dirac, P.A.M. (1934) Discussion of the Infinite Distribution of Electrons in the Theory of the Positron. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , 30, 150-163. https://doi.org/10.1017/s030500410001656x
Dirac, P.A.M. (1951) Is There an Æther? Nature , 168, 906-907. https://doi.org/10.1038/168906a0
Einstein, A. (1905) Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig? Annalen der Physik , 323, 639-641. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053231314
Wang, Y. (2024) Revision of Stationary Schrödinger Equation. Journal of Modern Physics , 15, 1461-1484. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.1510060
Coulomb, C.A. (1785) Construction et usage d’une balance électrique, fondée sur la propriété qu’ont les fils de métal, d’avoir une force de réaction de torsion proportionnelle à l’angle de torsion. Histoire de l’Académie Royale des sciences avec les mémoires de mathématiques et de physique 1788, 569-577.
Wang, Y. (2024) Physical Space Is Finite. Journal of Modern Physics , 15, 550-595. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.155027
Sebens, C.T. (2022) The Mass of the Gravitational Field. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science , 73, 211-248. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axz002
Wang, Y. (2024) Exists Gravitation Inverse Matter. Journal of Modern Physics , 15, 1001-1009. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.157042
Povh, B., Rith, K., Scholz, C., Zetsche, F. and Rodejohann, W. (2014) Particles and Nuclei. 7th Edition, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-622-46321-5
CODATA (2022) Fundamental Physical Constants: 2022 CODATA Recommended Values. http://physics.nist.gov/constants
USNAO (2021) Selected Astronomical Constants (The Astronomical Almanac Online).
Karshenboim, S.G. (2004) Precision Study of Positronium: Testing Bound State QED Theory. International Journal of Modern Physics A , 19, 3879-3896. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04020142
Dirac, P.A.M. (1930) The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press.
Kobayashi, S. (2013) Electrical Breakdown Phenomena in Vacuum—Breakdown Characteristics of Vacuum Gaps. Journal of the Vacuum Society of Japan , 56, 477-484. https://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj2.56.477
Falco, E.E. (2005) A Most Useful Manifestation of Relativity: Gravitational Lenses. New Journal of Physics , 7, Article No. 200. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/200
Wang, Y. (2024) Physical Space Was Not Expanding. Journal of Modern Physics , 15, 634-673. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.155030
Hubble, E. (1929) A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 15, 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
Lemaître, G. (1927) Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques. Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles A , 47, 49-59.
Freedman, W.L., Madore, B.F., Gibson, B.K., Ferrarese, L., Kelson, D.D., Sakai, S., et al . (2001) Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant. The Astrophysical Journal , 553, 47-72. https://doi.org/10.1086/320638
Ampère, A.M. (1822) Recueil d’Observations Électro-Dynamiques: Contentant Di-vers Mémoires, Notices, Extraits de Lettres ou d’Ouvrages Périodiques sur les Sciences (Forgotten Books, Reprinted in 2018, ISBN-10: 0666766991).
Magnitskii, N.A. (2011) Mathematical Theory of Physical Vacuum. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation , 16, 2438-2444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.09.018
Trimble, V. (1987) Existence and Nature of Dark Matter in the Universe. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 25, 425-472. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.002233
Peebles, P.J.E. and Ratra, B. (2003) The Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy. Reviews of Modern Physics , 75, 559-606. https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.75.559