Planck’s Blackbody Radiation and Early Mature Spiral Galaxies

Abstract

Guided by Einstein’s 1916 paper on the statistical approach to atoms interacting with photons, in which he rederived Planck’s blackbody radiation formula and provided a foundational understanding for Heisenberg to develop his matrix quantum theory, we shall apply Einstein’s methodology to the Planck era of the early universe. We begin by proposing that the Planck universe consisted of high-temperature, compacted gravitons in thermal equilibrium with photons. We further propose that these gravitons were able to be excited into higher energy states through photon absorption or to spontaneously decay into lower energy states by emitting discrete amounts of energy in the form of photons or as rotational energy. Due to the uniformity and sameness of the compacted Planck era spacetime, such emitted energy rotations could only rotate unidirectionally. However, we argue that at some statistical energy saturation point, a cascade event occurred, resulting in these excited gravitons emitting vast quantities of photons, elementary particles, together with rotational energies. As spacetime grew exponentially, so too did the entropy of the universe, allowing the microscopic spacetime vortices to be emitted bidirectionally in rotation. As particle accretion began and the first spiral galaxies formed with unidirectional rotation, they did so in greater numbers than bidirectional spiral galaxies formed later during the exponential increase in spacetime entropy. It is this recently observed bias in galactic rotation and formation of early mature galaxies that we shall investigate in this paper.