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Irreversible Thermodynamics of Cosmological Matter Creation
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, Unisa, South Africa
Department of Physics, Am.C., Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, Unisa, South Africa
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
The National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Matieland, South Africa
Dipartimento di Matematica ed Applicazioni “R. Caccioppoli”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”-Polo delle Scienze e delle Tecnologie, Napoli, Italy
- 1 Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, Unisa, South Africa
- 2 Department of Physics, Am.C., Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
- 3 Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, Unisa, South Africa
- 4 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- 5 The National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Matieland, South Africa
- 6 Dipartimento di Matematica ed Applicazioni “R. Caccioppoli”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”-Polo delle Scienze e delle Tecnologie, Napoli, Italy
Journal of Modern Physics·Volume 16 (2025)·Pages 1232–1242·Published 10 September 2025·DOI10.4236/jmp.2025.169064
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Abstract
In this paper, we derive the expression of the internal energy of the universe, and we then study the physics of the very early universe from a thermodynamic point of view. In the process, we obtain interesting new physics about the actual time frames of the known key stages of the evolution of the universe in relation to the entropy of the universe. This then has the implication for the understanding of cosmology as we know it, and in particular the time frame of the large-scale structure formation as pointed out in the recent results from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We complete the paper by studying the isothermal irreversible expansion of the universe and thus obtain the relation between irreversible particle creation and the Hubble parameter.
KeywordsInternal EnergyVery Early UniverseJames Webb Space Telescope Isothermal Irreversible ExpansionHubble Parameter
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