Research on the Quantum Entanglement Mechanism

Abstract

A quantum entangled state is a quantum superposition state. The principle of quantum superposition, and therefore the existence of quantum entanglement, is contingent upon the validity of quantum theory. Thus, the generation of quantum entanglement requires that interactions occur between small-mass particles localized in a confined spatial region, resulting in each particle’s quantum state being a bound state. In other words, the prerequisite for the validity of quantum theory must be satisfied. At the same time, conserved quantities must exist between quantum superposition states, as only quantum states with conserved quantities can undergo superposition, allowing the particle system to generate quantum entangled states. Quantum entangled states can occur between electrons within an atom, between atoms, between molecules, or between atoms and molecules. Within the atomic nucleus, quantum entanglement can exist among protons, neutrons, and the quarks. In superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose-Einstein condensation, they manifest as macroscopic quantum entanglement, which respectively come from the statistical results of a large amount of microscopic quantum entanglement between electrons, atoms or molecules. For massive macroscopic objects, they exhibit classical properties that cannot be described by quantum theory, and the principle of quantum superposition does not hold. Therefore, no entangled state is generated. It should be particularly emphasized that even for microscopic particle systems, if they exist in a large spatial region, they cannot be described by quantum theory. In such cases, the quantum superposition principle does not hold, and quantum entanglement phenomena do not exist. Therefore, within a large spatial region, multi-electron, multi-photon, and other microscopic systems do not have quantum entangled states; under certain conditions, quantum correlated states can be generated. Consequently, in a large spatial region, the mainstream viewpoints about non-locality—such as the so-called instantaneous collapse of entangled particles during measurement, infinite propagation speed, and the “spooky action at a distance”—are all incorrect. In experiments related to quantum communication and the verification of Bell’s inequality, the quantum states used are quantum correlated states rather than quantum entangled states. Regardless of whether the systems are microscopic or macroscopic, phenomena occurring in a large spatial region must adhere to the principles of causality, realism, and locality. In other words, Einstein’s viewpoint is correct.