Origin of the Universe, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Visible Matter

Abstract

This concise alternative approach to cosmology is based on holographic analysis and Hamiltonian quantization of Friedmann’s equation. It is consistent with PDG 2025 data and involves no singularities or infinities. Holographic analysis (based on quantum mechanics, general relativity, black hole thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory) allows only the finite number of bits of information on the event horizon to describe everything in our three space dimensions. That implies that our expanding universe is a closed system. This analysis then explains the origin of the universe and its contents, using uncomplicated mathematics. Treating the universe as a product space (described by a quantized Friedmann equation and a quantized equation for a closed compact space) allows for origin of the universe by a quantum fluctuation from nothing. Collapse of the compact space to radius of the Planck length inflated the three spatial dimensions we inhabit. Dark energy maintains the size of the compact dimension and accelerates the continuing expansion of our three dimensions. Dark matter particles, produced immediately after inflation by a force 10 12 times stronger than gravity, have an estimated mass of 38 MeV/c 2 . The holographic analysis requires matter dominance. Elementary particles treated as spheres require three fundamental fermions per charge state. Visible matter particles (up quarks, down quarks, and electrons) are shown to have masses specified by fundamental constants α , ℏ , c , Λ and Ω Λ . Quantum fluctuations extending into the past and future indicate no beginning of time or “problem of time”.