Physical Constraints Simplify 5 Dimensions in Relativistic Waves

Abstract

The classical mechanics of Newton—where momentum energy is less than rest mass energy, pc < m o c 2 = E o —transitions, with increasing momentum, to the relativistic mechanics of Einstein and Klein-Gordon—where pc > m o c 2 . The transition replaces the classical rest mass energy constant E o by Einstein’s varying relativistic energy E = m ′ c 2 = p 2 c 2 + m o 2 c 4 . We proceed to apply this 5-dimensional relativistic equation to dispersion dynamics in electron microscope probes 1 . The two scalers, E and m o are initially presented as concentric, spherically-symmetric, spheres that are constrained by the Pythagorean triangle that is implicit in the relativistic expression E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m o 2 c 4 , where the speed of light c is constant. Then p , E and m o are co-planar, and all act like vectors in 5 independent dimensions. The fact is significant because E is conjugate to time t in the free particle wave equation. Band structures and band gaps are derived. Remarkable physical effects are explained with mathematics hardly more complex than Pythagoras’s theorem in a realistic framework of conventional and verified hypotheses. Consistent with Occham’s razor, a proper economy in dimensionality is retained. On this firm footing, other dimensions extend to 2-dimensional displays of physical properties including Minkowski space and phase velocity in internal motion.