New Evidence, Conditions, Instruments & Experiments for Gravitational Theories

Abstract

Two significant findings compel a rethink of physical theories. First, using a 7-billion - year - old gamma-ray burst, Nemiroff ( 2012 ) showed that quantum foam could not exists. And second, Solomon ( 2011 ) showed that gravitational acceleration is not associated with the gravitating mass, that gravitational acceleration g is determined solely by τ the change in time dilation over a specific height multiplied by c 2 or g = τc 2 . Seeking consistency with Special Theory of Relativity, as means to initiate this rethink, this paper examines 12 inconsistencies in physical theories that manifest from empirical data. The purpose of this examination is to identify how gravitational theories need to change or be explored, to eliminate these 12 inconsistencies. It is then proposed that spacetime is much more sophisticated than just a 4-dimensional continuum. And, that the Universe consists of at least two layers or “kenos” (Greek for vacuous), the 4-dimensional kenos, spacetime ( x , y , z , t ) and the 3-dimensional kenos, subspace ( x , y , z ) that are joined at the space coordinates ( x , y , z ). This explains why electromagnetic waves are transverse, and how probabilities are implemented in Nature. This paper concludes by proposing two new instruments and one test, to facilitate research into gravitational fields, the new torsion-, tension- and stress-free near field gravity probe, the gravity wave telescope, and a non-locality test.