The study focus was an examination of the hydrothermal pretreatment method applied to the lignocellulosic substrate, represented by the prairie cord grass, and comparison between different conditions based on the yield of glucose after enzymatic hydrolysis. The treatment did not involve any chemicals usage. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed in order to examine the amount of glucose which was released from pretreated materials. The most efficient pretreatment conditions were at high temperature and relatively short reaction time (210 ° C and 10 min), after which the lignocellulose structure was the most available for enzymes actions which resulted in a pretreatment conversion rate of 97%. Temperature had a significant influence on glucose release during the hydrolysis, which was confirmed by the Michaelis-Menten and kinetic models. Kinetic models were used to fit the inhibitors and their conversion rates were related to temperature.
Z. Tang, Q. Lu, Y. Zhang, X. F. Zhu and Q. X. Guo, “One Step Bio-Oil Upgrading through Hydrotreatment, Esterification, and Cracking”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 48, No. 15, 2009, pp. 6923-6929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie900108d
M. Wang, M. Wu and H. Huo, “Life-Cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts of Different Corn Ethanol Plant Types,” Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2007, p. 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/2/024001
C. Colin, “The Coming Oil Crisis,” Multi-Science Publishing Company, New York, 2003.
M. T. Holtzapple, “Cellulose,” In: R. Macrae, R. K. Robinson and M. J. Sadler, Eds., Encyclopedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, Academic Press, London, 1993, pp. 2731-2738.
M. T. Holtzapple, “Lignin,” In: R. Macrae, R. K. Robinson and M. J. Sadler, Eds., Encyclopedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, Academic Press, London, 1993, pp. 758-767.
A. G. Williams and I. M. Morrison, “Studies on the Production of Saccharinic Acids by the Alkaline Treatment of Young Grass and Their Effectiveness as Substrates for Mixed Rumen Microorganisms in Vitro,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 33, No. 1, 1982, pp. 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740330106
M. H. Thomsen, J. B. Holm-Nielsen, P. Oleskowicz-Popiel and A. B. Thomsen, “Pretreatment of Whole-Crop Harvested, Ensiled Maize for Ethanol Production,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 148, No. 1-3, 2008, pp. 23-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8134-2
V. S. Chang and M. T. Holtzapple, “Fundamental Factors Affecting Biomass Enzymatic Reactivity,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 84-86, No. 1-9, 2000, pp. 5-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:84-86:1-9:5
H. B. Hahn, “Ethanolic Fermentation of Lignocellulose Hydrolysates: A Minireview,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 57-58, No. 1, 1996, pp. 195-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02941700
T. E. Amidon, C. D. Wood, A. M. Shupe, Y. Wang, M. Graves and S. Liu, “Biorefinery: Conversion of Woody Biomass to Chemicals, Energy and Materials,” Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2008, pp. 100-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2008.302
P. Alvira, E. Tomás-Pejó, M. Ballesteros and M. J. Negro, “Pretreatment Technologies for an Efficient Bioethanol Production Process Based on Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A Review,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, No. 13, 2010, pp. 4851-4861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093
T. I. Georgieva, X. Hou, T. Hilstrom and B. K. Ahring, “Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Ethanol Fermentation of High Dry Matter Wet-Exploded Wheat Straw at Low Enzyme Loading,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 148, No. 1-3, 2008, pp. 35-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-8085-z
H. Lei, K. Hennessey, Y. Liu, X. Lin, Y. Wan and R. Ruan R, “Optimization of Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Corn Stover,” 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Providence, 29 June-2 July 2008.
I. Cybulska, H. Lei and J. Julson, “Hydrothermal Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Prairie Cord Grass,” Energy and Fuels, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2009, pp. 718-727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9009179
D. J. Schell, J. Farmer, M. Newman and J. D. McMillan, “Dilute-Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment of Corn Stover in Pilot-Scale Reactor,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 105-108, 2003, pp. 69-85.
H. Alizadeh, F. Teymouri, T. I. Gilbert and B. E. Dale, “Pretreatment of Switchgrass by Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX),” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 124, No. 1-3, 2005, pp. 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:124:1-3:1133
A. S. Schmidt and A. B. Thomsen, “Optimization of Wet Oxidation Pretreatment of Wheat Straw,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 64, No. 2, 1998. pp. 139-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00164-8
J. Larsen, M. Oestegaard Petersen, L. Thirup, L. H. Wen, and F. Krogh Iversen, “The IBUS Process—Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Close to a Commercial Reality,” Chemical Engineering & Technology, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2008, pp. 765-772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200800048
N. Mosier, R. Hendrickson, N. Ho, M. Sedlak and M. R. Ladisch, “Optimization of pH Controlled Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment of Corn Stover,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, No. 18, 2005, pp. 1986-1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.013
K. Kohlmann, P. Westgate, J. Weil and M. R. Ladisch, “Biological Based Systems for Waste Processing,” Proceedings of 1993 ICES Meetingm, SAE Technical Paper Series 932251, 1993.
J. R. Weil, M. A. Brewer, R. L. Hendrickson, A. Sarikaya and M. R. Ladisch, “Pretreatment of Corn Fiber by Pressure Cooking in Water,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 73, No. 1, 1998, pp. 1-17.
E. Walch, A. Zemann, F. Schinner, G. Bonn and O. Bobleter, “Enzymatic Saccharification of Hemicellulose Obtained from Hydrothermally Pretreated Sugar Cane Bagasse and Beech Bark,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1992, pp. 173-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(92)90137-M
W. S. Mok and M. J. Antal Jr., “Uncatalyzed Solvolysis of Whole Biomass by Hot Compressed Liquid Water,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1992, pp. 1157-1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00004a026
H. E. Grethlein, “The Effect of Pore Size Distribution on the Rate of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Substrates,” Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 3, 1985, pp. 155-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0285-155
M. R. Ladisch, K. W. Lin, M. Voloch and G. T. Tsao, “Process Considerations in the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Biomass,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1983, pp. 82-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(83)90042-X
Y. Y. Lee, Q. Xiang, T. H. Kim and J. Kim, “Enhancement of Dilute-Acid Total-Hydrolysis Process for High-Yield Saccharification of Cellulosic Biomass,” Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn 2000.
S. Zhu, Y. Wu, Z. Yu, X. Zhang, C. Wang, F. Yu and S. Jin, “Production of Ethanol from Microwave-Assisted Alkali Pretreated Wheat Straw,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2006, pp. 869-873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.10.024
N. Akiya and P. E. Savage, “Roles of Water for Chemical Reactions in High-Temperature Water,” Chemical Reviews, Vol. 102, No. 8, 2002, pp. 2725-2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr000668w
G. Garrote, H. Dominguez and J. C. Parajo, “Hydrothermal Processing of Lignocellulosic Materials,” Holz als Rohund Werkstoff, Vol. 57, No. 3, 1999, pp. 191-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050039
M. H. Thomsen, J. B. Holm-Nielsen, P. Oleskowicz-Popiel and A. B. Thomsen, “Pretreatment of Whole-Crop Harvested, Ensiled Maize for Ethanol Production,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 148, No. 1-3, 2008, pp. 23-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8134-2
J. M. Negro, P. Manzanares, I. Ballesteros, J. M. Oliva, A. Cabanas and M. Ballesteros, “Hydrothermal Pretreatment Conditions to Enhance Ethanol Production from Poplar Biomass,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2003, Vol. 105, No. 1-3, pp. 87-100.
C. Cara, I. Romero, J. M. Oliva, F. Saez and E. Castro, “Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment of Olive Tree Pruning Residues,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 137, No. 1-12, 2007, pp. 379-394.
M. H. Thomsen, A. Thygesen, H. Joergensen, J. Larsen, B. Holm Christensen and A. Thomsen, “Preliminary Results on Optimization of Pilot Scale Pretreatment of Wheat Straw Used in Coproduction of Bioethanol and Electricity,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 129, 2006, pp.448-460.
M. Bollok, K. Reczey and G. Zacchi, “Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Steam-Pretreated Spruce to Ethanol,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 84, 2000, pp. 69-80.
L. Brown, “Grasslands,” Knopf, New York, 1985.
B. Hames, R. Ruiz, C. Scarlata, A. Sluiter, J. Sluiter and D. Templeton, “Preparation of Samples for Compositional Analysis,” Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 2008.
M. Selig, “Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass, Laboratory Analytical Procedure,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 2008.
R. Ruiz and T. Ehrman, “HPLC Analysis of Liquid Fractions of Process Samples for Monomeric Sugars and Cellobiose,” Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP 013), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 1996.
R. Ruiz and T. Ehrman, “HPLC Analysis of Liquid Fractions of Process Samples for Byproducts and Degradation Products,” Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP 015), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden,1996.
A. H. Conner, B. F. Wood, C. G. Hill and J. F. Harris, “Ki-Netic Model for the Dilute Sulfuric Acid Saccharification of Lignocelluloses,” Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1985, pp. 461-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773818508085207
K. L. Kohlmann, P. J. Westgate, A. Sarikaya, A. Velayudhan, J. Weil, R. L. Hendrickson and M. R. Ladisch, “Enhanced Enzyme Activities on Hydrated Lignocellulosic Substrate,” In: J. N. Saddler and M. H. Penner, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 618 (Enzymatic Degradation of Insoluble Carbohydrates), American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1995, pp. 237-255.
K. L. Kohlmann, P. J. Westgate, A. Velayudhan, J. Weil, A. Sarikaya, M. A. Brewer, R. L. Hendrickson and M. R. Ladisch, “Enzyme Conversion of Lignocellulosic Plant Materials for Resource Recovery in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 18, No. 1-2, 1996, pp. 251-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00815-V
A. Goldbeter and D. E. Koshland, “An Amplified Sensitivity Arising from Covalent Modification in Biological Systems,” Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 78, No. 11, 1981, pp. 6840-6844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.11.6840