The current microgrid power management system is undergoing a significant and drastic overhaul. The integration of existing electrical infrastructure with an information and communication network is an inherent and significant need for microgrid classification and operation in this case. Microgrid technology’s most important features: 1) Full duplex communication; 2) Advanced metering infrastructure; 3) Renewable and energy resource integration; 4) Distribution automation and complete monitoring, as well as overall power system control. A microgrid’s communication infrastructure is made up of several hierarchical communication networks. Microgrid applications can frequently be found in numerous aspects of energy consumption. Because it provides a spontaneous communicational network, the Internet of Things plays a fundamental and crucial role in Microgrid infrastructure. This paper covers the deployment of a comprehensive energy management system for microgrid communication infrastructure based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper discusses microgrid operations and controls using the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. Microgrids make use of IoT-enabled technologies, in conjunction with power grid equipment, which are enabling local networks to provide additional services on top of the essential supply of electricity to local networks that operate in parallel with or independently of the regional grid. Local balancing, internal blockage management, and request for support marketplace or grid operator activities are examples of auxiliary services provided by the microgrid that can add value to each end-user and other true stakeholders. Different technologies, architectures, and applications that use IoT as a key element with the main purpose of preserving and regulating innovative smart microgrids in accordance with modern optimization features and regulations are designed to update and improve efficiency, resiliency, and economics.
KeywordsIoTMicro GridOperationControlSmart Meter
Fadel, A.M., Ibrahim, A.M., Tamazin, A.K., Hamdy, R.A. and Abdel-Khalik, A.S. (2019) IoT-Based Power Management for DC Microgrids. 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Cairo, 17-19 December 2019, 1107-1111. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEPCON47431.2019.9008216
Bifano, W.J., Ratajczak, A.F., Bahr, D.M. and Garrett, B.G. (1979) Social and Economic Impact of Solar Electricity at Schuchuli Village. Solar Technology in Rural Settings: Assessments of Field Experiences.
Hina Fathima, A. and Palanisamy, K. (2015) Optimization in Microgrids with Hybrid Energy Systems: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.059
Cobben, J.F.G., Kling, W.L. and Myrzik, J.M.A. (2005) Power Quality Aspects of a Future Micro Grid. International Conference on Future Power Systems, Amsterdam, 16-18 November 2005, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/FPS.2005.204282
Illindala, M. and Venkataramanan, G. (2012) Frequency/Sequence Selective Filters for Power Quality Improvement in a Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3, 2039-2047. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2012.2197834
Kakigano, H., Miura, Y. and Ise, T. (2010) Low-Voltage Bipolar-Type DC Microgrid for Super High-Quality Distribution. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 25, 3066-3075. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2010.2077682
Wang, F., Duarte, J.L. and Hendrix, M.A.M. (2011) Grid-Interfacing Converter Systems with Enhanced Voltage Quality for Microgrid Application Concept and Implementation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 26, 3501-3513. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2147334
Hassan, M.A. and Abido, M.A. (2011) Optimal Design of Microgrids in Autonomous and Grid-Connected Modes Using Particle Swarm Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 26, 755-769. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2010.2100101
Manju, S., Seema, P.N. and Rajendran, A. (2016) A Novel Algorithm for Power Flow Management in Combined AC/DC Microgrid. 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016), Delhi, 4-6 July 2016, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPEICES.2016.7853428
Shaban, M. and Ben Dhaou, I. (2021) Design of an IoT-Enabled Microgrid Architecture for a Partial Grid-Connected Mode. 2021 18th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), Monastir, 22-25 March 2021, 1115-1119. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSD52085.2021.9429408
Adel, M., Sharaf, A. and El-Gammal, A.A. (2010) A Novel Efficient PSO-Self-Regulating PID Controller for Hybrid PV-FC-Diesel-Battery Micro Grid Scheme for Village/Resort Electricity Utilization. IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference, Halifax, 25-27 August 2010, 1-6.
Sigarchian, S.G., Orosz, M.S., Hemond, H.F. and Malmquist, A. (2016) Optimum Design of a Hybrid PVCSPLPG Microgrid with Particle Swarm Optimization Technique. Applied Thermal Engineering, 109, 1031-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.119
Tan, K.T., So, P.L., Chu, Y.C. and Chen, M.Z.Q. (2013) A Flexible AC Distribution System Device for a Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 28, 601-610. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2013.2260162
Divya, R., Nair, D.S., Nair, M.G. and Ilango, K. (2016) Tariff Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for Active Power Sharing between Microgrid to Grid with Improved Power Quality. 2016 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), Nagercoil, 7-8 April 2016, 406-409.
Golsorkhi, M.S. and Lu, D.D.-C. (2016) A Decentralized Control Method for Islanded Microgrids under Unbalanced Conditions. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 31, 1112-1121. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2453251
Tiwari, V., Kumari, S. and Sahoo, P.P. (2021) Monitoring and Control of PV Microgrid Using IoT. 2021 7th International Conference on Electrical Energy Systems (ICEES), Chennai, 11-13 February 2021, 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEES51510.2021.9383724
Nassar, M.E. and Salama, M.M.A. (2017) A Novel Branch-Based Power Flow Algorithm for Islanded AC Microgrids. Electric Power Systems Research, 146, 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.01.019
Huang, C., Weng, S., Yue, D., Deng, S., Xie, J. and Ge, H. (2017) Distributed Cooperative Control of Energy Storage Units in Microgrid Based on Multi-Agent Consensus Method. Electric Power Systems Research, 147, 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.02.029
Zhu, Y., Fan, Q., Liu, B. and Wang, T. (2018) An Enhanced Virtual Impedance Optimization Method for Reactive Power Sharing in Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 33, 10390-10402. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2018.2810249
Barik, A.K. and Das, D.C. (2018) Expeditious Frequency Control of Solar Photovoltaic/Biogas/Biodiesel Generator Based Isolated Renewable Microgrid Using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm. IET Renewable Power Generation, 12, 1659-1667. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5196
Moayedi, S. and Davoudi, A. (2017) Unifying Distributed Dynamic Optimization and Control of Islanded DC Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 32, 2329-2346. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2016.2565517
Delfino, F., Rossi, M., Pampararo, F. and Barillari, L. (2016) An Energy Management Platform for Smart Microgrids. In: Intelligent Computing Systems, Springer, Berlin, 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49179-9_10
Kiranvishnu, K. and Sireesha, K. (2016) Comparative Study of Wind Speed Forecasting Techniques. 2016 Biennial International Conference on Power and Energy Systems: Towards Sustainable Energy (PESTSE), Bangalore, 21-23 January 2016, 1-6.
Zhou, B., Liu, X., Cao, Y., Li, C., Chung, C.Y. and Chan, K.W. (2016) Optimal Scheduling of Virtual Power Plant with Battery Degradation Cost. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 10, 712-725. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0103
Akram, U., Khalid, M. and Shafiq, S. (2017) An Innovative Hybrid Wind-Solar and Battery-Supercapacitor Microgrid System—Development and Optimization. IEEE Access, 5, 25897-25912. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2767618
Tomoiaga, B., Chindris, M.D., Sumper, A. and Marzband, M. (2013) The Optimization of Microgrids Operation through a Heuristic Energy Management Algorithm. Advanced Engineering Forum, 8-9, 185-194. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.8-9.185
Riar, B., Lee, J., Tosi, A., Duncan, S., Osborne, M. and Howey, D. (2016) Energy Management of a Microgrid: Compensating for the Difference between the Real and Predicted Output Power of Photovoltaics. 2016 IEEE 7th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Vancouver, 27-30 June 2016, 1-7.
Zamani, A.G., Zakariazadeh, A., Jadid, S. and Kazemi, A. (2016) Stochastic Operational Scheduling of Distributed Energy Resources in a Large-Scale Virtual Power Plant. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 82, 608-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.04.024
Chakraborty, S. and Simoes, M.G. (2008) PV-Microgrid Operational Cost Minimization by Neural Forecasting and Heuristic Optimization. Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Edmonton, 5-9 October 2008, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/08IAS.2008.147
Mohan, V., Suresh, R., Singh, J.G., Ongsakul, W. and Madhu, N. (2017) Microgrid Energy Management Combining Sensitivities, Interval and Probabilistic Uncertainties of Renewable Generation and Loads. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, 7, 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2017.2679030
De Leone, R., Giovannelli, A. and Pietrini, M. (2016) Optimization of Power Production and Costs in Microgrids. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Chen, J., et al. (2018) Optimal Sizing for Grid-Tied Microgrids with Consideration of Joint Optimization of Planning and Operation. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 9, 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2017.2724583
Radziszewska, W. and Nahorski, Z. (2016) Microgrids and Management of Power. In: Challenging Problems and Solutions in Intelligent Systems, Springer, Cham, 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30165-5_8
Kondoro, A., Dhaou, I.B. and Tenhunen, H. (2020) Enhancing the Security of IoT-Enabled DC Microgrid Using Secure-MQTT. 2020 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon), Tunis, 28 September-1 October 2020, 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGYCon48941.2020.9236448
Rahbar, K., Chai, C.C. and Zhang, R. (2018) Energy Cooperation Optimization in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Integration. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9, 1482-1493. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2600863
Kerdphol, T., Qudaih, Y., Watanabe, M. and Mitani, Y. (2016) RBF Neural Network-Based Online Intelligent Management of a Battery Energy Storage System for Stand-Alone Microgrids. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 6, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-016-0071-2
Korkas, C.D., Baldi, S., Michailidis, I. and Kosmatopoulos, E.B. (2016) Occupancy-Based Demand Response and Thermal Comfort Optimization in Microgrids with Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage. Applied Energy, 163, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.140
Shen, J., Jiang, C., Liu, Y. and Qian, J. (2016) A Microgrid Energy Management System with Demand Response for Providing Grid Peak Shaving. Electric Power Components and Systems, 44, 843-852. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2016.1138344
Umeozor, E.C. and Trifkovic, M. (2016) Operational Scheduling of Microgrids via Parametric Programming. Applied Energy, 180, 672-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.009
Kanchev, H., Colas, F., Lazarov, V. and Francois, B. (2014) Emission Reduction and Economical Optimization of an Urban Microgrid Operation Including Dispatched PV-Based Active Generators. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 5, 1397-1405. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2014.2331712
Saravanan, B., Siddharth, D., Surbhi, S. and Kothari, D.P. (2013) A Solution to the Unit Commitment Problem—A Review. Frontiers in Energy, 7, 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0240-3
Liang, H.Z. and Gooi, H.B. (2010) Unit Commitment in Microgrids by Improved Genetic Algorithm. 2010 Conference Proceedings IPEC, Singapore, 27-29 October 2010, 842-847. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPECON.2010.5697083
Boussaada, Z., Curea, O., Camblong, H., Bellaaj Mrabet, N. and Hacala, A. (2014) Multi-Agent Systems for the Dependability and Safety of Microgrids. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Bui, V.H., Hussain, A. and Kim, H.M. (2016) A Multiagent-Based Hierarchical Energy Management Strategy for Multi-Microgrids Considering Adjustable Power and Demand Response. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9, 1323-1333.
Musleh, A.S., Yao, G. and Muyeen, S.M. (2019) Blockchain Applications in Smart Grid-Review and Frameworks. IEEE Access, 7, 86746-86757. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2920682
Marzband, M., Yousefnejad, E., Sumper, A. and Dominguez-García, J.L. (2016) Real Time Experimental Implementation of Optimum Energy Management System in Standalone Microgrid by Using Multi-Layer Ant Colony Optimization. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 75, 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.09.010
Talari, S., Yazdaninejad, M. and Haghifam, M.R. (2015) Stochastic-Based Scheduling of the Microgrid Operation Including Wind Turbines, Photovoltaic Cells, Energy Storages and Responsive Loads. IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 9, 1498-1509. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0040
Farzan, F., Jafari, M.A., Masiello, R. and Lu, Y. (2015) Toward Optimal Day-Ahead Scheduling and Operation Control of Microgrids under Uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6, 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2368077
Surender Reddy, S. and Momoh, J.A. (2015) Realistic and Transparent Optimum Scheduling Strategy for Hybrid Power System. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6, 3114-3125. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2406879
Lan, Y., Guan, X.H. and Wu, J. (2016) Rollout Strategies for Real-Time Multi-Energy Scheduling in Microgrid with Storage System. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 10, 688. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0426