Widespread implementation of the DCP-DN design method for low volume roads has been promoted internationally over the past decade or so. The method has progressed from a simple determination of the in situ CBR investigation based on DCP-CBR correlations with respective cover requirements to a more sophisticated method using the DCP penetration data directly and omitting any need to use correlations with the CBR. This paper summarises the development of the method, and some of its advantages and compares the design structures with other recognised and widely implemented designs.
Scala, A.J. (1956) Simple Methods of Flexible Pavement Design Using Cone Penetrometers.
Van Vuuren, D.J. (1969) Rapid Determination of CBR with the Portable Dynamic Cone Penetrometer. The Rhodesian Engineer, Paper No. 105.
Burrow, J.C. (1975) Investigation of Existing Pavements in the Transvaal. Transvaal Roads Department, Pretoria, Report L1/75.
Kleyn, E.G. (1984) Aspects of Pavement Evaluation and Design as Determined with the Aid of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer. M Eng Thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria. (In Afrikaans)
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) (2018) Standard Test Method for Use of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Shallow Pavement Applications: ASTM D6951/D6951M-18. ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
Kleyn, E.G. (1975) The Use of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP). Transvaal Roads Department, Pretoria, Report L2/75. (In Afrikaans)
Kleyn, E.G. and Van Heerden, M.J.J. (1983) Using DCP Soundings to Optimise Pavement Rehabilitation. Proceedings of Annual Transportation Convention, Johannesburg, 25-29 July 1983, Volume 3, 319-334.
Kleyn, E.G. and Savage, P.F. (1982) The Application of the Pavement DCP to Determine the Bearing Properties and Performance of Road Pavements. International Symposium on Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Trondheim, 23-25 June 1982.
Livneh, M. (2007) Uncertainty Associated with Pre-Defined Correlative Expressions of Various In-Situ Test Outputs. FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer Conference, Atlantic City.
Harison, J.A. (1989) Correlation between California Bearing Ratio and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Strength Measurements of Soils. Australian Road Research, 19, 130-136.
Webster, S.L., Grau, R.H. and Williams, R.P. (1992) Description and Application of Dual Mass Dynamic Cone Penetrometer. Instruction Report No. GL-92-3, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg.
Ese, D., Myre, J., Noss, P. and Vaerness, E. (1994) The Use of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) for Road Strengthening Designs in Norway. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Smith, R.B. and Pratt, D.N. (1983) A Field Study of In-Situ California Bearing Ratio and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Testing for Subgrade Investigation. Australian Road Research, 13, 285-293.
Webster, S.L., Brown, R.W. and Porter, J.R. (1994) Force Projection Site Evaluation Using the Electric Cone Penetrometer (ECP) and the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP). Technical Report No. GL-94-17, Air Force Civil Engineering Support Agency, US Air Force, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL.
Seyman, E. (2003) Laboratory Evaluation In-Situ Tests as Potential Quality Control/Quality Assurance Tools. M.Sc. Thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge.
Nazzal, M. (2002) Field Evaluation of In-Situ Test Technology for QC/QA during Construction of Pavement Layers and Embankments. M.Sc. Thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge.
Phillips, L.D. (2005) Field Evaluation of Rapid Airfield Assessment Technologies. M.Sc. Thesis, Mississippi State University, Starkville.
Livneh, M., Livneh, A.N. and Ishai, I. (1999) Israeli Experience with the Regular and Extended Dynamic Cone Penetrometer for Pavement and Subsoil-Strength Evaluation. In: Tayabji, S.D. and Lukanen, E.O., Eds., Non-Destructive Testing of Pavements and Back-Calculation of Moduli, Vol. 3, ASTM STP 1375, ASTM, West Conshohocken.
Rallings, R. (2014) CBR Test—A Case for Change? Australian Geomechanics, 49, 41-55.
Sampson, L.R. (1984) Investigation of the Correlation between CBR and DCP. Technical Note TS/33/84. National Institute for Transport and Road Research, CSIR, Pretoria.
Paige-Green, P., Pinard, M.I. and Netterberg, F. (2015) Low-Volume Roads with Neat Sand Bases. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2474, 56-62.
Ingles, O. (1974) Compaction in Soil Mechanics: New Horizons. Butterworths, London.
Millard, R.S. and O’Reilly, M.P. (1964) Standards of Road Building Practice in the Tropics. Proc 2nd Australian Road Research Board Conference, Vol. 2 (Part 2), 830-854.
Paige-Green, P. (2015) Are We Doing Unnecessary or Incorrect Material Testing for Low Volume Roads? Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Transportation in Africa, Palapye, 25-27 November 2015, 11 p.
Paige-Green, P. (1999) Materials for and Construction of Sealed Low Volume Roads. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1652, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.3141/1652-21
Ayers, M.E., Thompson, M.R. and Uzarski, D.R. (1989) Rapid Shear Strength Evaluation of in Situ Granular Materials. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1227, 134-146.
Gourley, C.S. and Greening, P.A.K. (1999) Performance of Low Volume Sealed Roads: Results and Recommendations from Studies in Southern Africa. TRL Project Report PR/OSC/167/99, Crowthorne.
Paige-Green, P. (1994) Recommendations on the Use of Marginal Base Course Materials in Low Volume Roads in South Africa. Department of Transport, Pretoria, Research Report RR 91/201.
Cook, J.R., Petts, R.C. and Rolt, J. (2013) Low Volume Rural Road Surfacing and Pavements: A Guide to Good Practice.
De Beer, M. (1991) Use of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) in the Design of Road Structures. Proceedings of the 10th Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Maseru, 23-27 September 1991, 167-176.
Marais, G.P., Maree, J.H. and Kleyn, E.G. (1982) The Impact of HVS Testing on Transvaal Pavement Design. Proceedings of Annual Transportation Convention, Pretoria, July 1982.
De Beer, M., Kleyn, E.G. and Savage, P.F. (1988) Towards a Classification System for the Strength-Balance of Thin Flexible Pavements. Proceedings of Annual Transportation Convention, Pretoria, Vol. 4D.
Kleyn, E.G., Freeme, C. and Terblanche, L. (1985) The Impact of Heavy Vehicle Simulator Testing in Transvaal. Proceedings of Annual Transportation Convention: Accelerated Testing of Pavements, Pretoria, July 1985, S350.
Kleyn, E.G. and Van Zyl, G.D. (1987) Application of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) to Light Pavement Design. Transvaal Provincial Administration, Pretoria, Laboratory Report L4/87.
Kleyn, E.G., De Wet, L.F. and Savage, P.F. (1989) The Development of an Equation for the Strength Balance of Road Pavement Structures. The Civil Engineer in South Africa, 31, 45-50.
Department of Transport (DOT) (1993) Towards Appropriate Standards for Rural Roads: Discussion Document. Department of Transport, Pretoria, Research Report RR 92/466/1.
Jones, D.J. and Paige-Green, P. (1995) The Use of Performance Data from an Upgrading Experiment to Assist with the Appropriate Design of Roads for New Communities. Proceedings of 11th Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Cairo, December 1995.
Committee of Land Transport Officials (COLTO) (1996) Structural Design of Flexible Pavements for Interurban and Rural Roads. COLTO, Pretoria, Draft TRH4.
Wolff, H., van Zyl, G.D., Emery, S.J. and Paige-Green, P. (1995) A Design Catalogue for Low Volume Roads Developed for South African Conditions. Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Low Volume Roads, Minneapolis, 118-129.
Paige-Green, P. and Hongve, J. (2003) Alternatives to Conventional Gravel Wearing Courses on Low Volume Roads. 10th Regional Seminar for Labour-Based Practitioners, Arusha, October 2003.
Paige-Green, P., Hongve, J., Sampson, L.R. and Cassiem, I. (2004) Labour-Based Bitumen Roads as Cost-Effective Alternatives to Conventional Gravel Wearing Courses. 8th CAPSA, Sun City, September 2004.
Paige-Green, P. (2015) An Alternative Philosophy on the Deterioration and Design of Low Volume Roads. Proceedings of CAPSA 2015, Sun City, August 2015, 386-391.
Indian Roads Congress (IRC) (2015) Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements for Low Volume Rural Roads. IRC-SP-72-2015, New Delhi.
Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) (1993) A Guide to the Structural Design of Bitumen-Surfaced Roads in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Countries. Overseas Road Note 31 (4th Edition), Overseas Development Administration, London.
African Community Access Partnership (AfCAP) (2018) Research Background to the DCP-DN Pavement Design Method for Low Volume Sealed Roads: Final Report. AFCAP Project Reference: RAF2128B. ReCAP, Thame.
Pinard, M.I., Paige-Green, P. and Hongve, J. (2015) Developments in Low Volume Roads Technology: Challenging Conventional Paradigms. CAPSA, Sun City, August 2015.
Pinard, M.I., Paige-Green, P. and Hongve, J. (2015) A New Approach to the Upgrading of Gravel Roads to Low Volume Sealed Roads Based on Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Testing.
Emery, S.J. (1985) Prediction of Moisture Content for Use in Pavement Design. PhD Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Shackleton, M.C. and Emery, S.J. (1985) Investigation of CBR versus Moisture Content Relationships for Untreated Materials. Report TS/4/85. NITRR, CSIR, Pretoria.
Paige-Green, P., Lea, J. and Barnado, C. (1999) Relationship between in Situ DCP Strength and Soaked CBR. Technical Report TR-99/003. Division of Roads and Transport Technology, CSIR, Pretoria.
Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) (2008) Low Volume Rural Road Standards and Specifications: Part III Application of LVRR Standards and Specifications. Mainstreaming Appropriate local Road Standards and Specifications and Developing a Strategy for the MPWT Research Capacity. SEACAP 3. TRL, Crowthorne.
Croney, D. (1977) The Design and Performance of Road Pavements. HMSO, London.
Haupt, F.J. (1980) Moisture Conditions Associated with Pavements in Southern Africa. M.Sc. Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.