Kuwaiti oil production faces a growing challenge in the increasing quantities of produced water generated in the production of oil. The high water cut of the produced fluid from the wells and the high salinity of the produced water lead to significant degradation of subsurface equipment, specifically the production tubing. Debris generated through the degradation of the inner part of the tubing becomes a constituent of the scaling that deposits in the tubing and blocks the flow of the production fluid, inducing higher maintenance costs. This paper looks at the characteristics of the scaling in regard to the produced water and outlines the economic impact of the produced water induced degradation of the tubing structure.
Beyer, J., Goksoyr, A., Hjermann, D.O. and Klungsoyr, J. (2020) Environmental Effects of Offshore Produced Water Discharges: A Review Focused on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Marine Environmental Research, 162, Article ID: 105155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105155
Sutton-Sharp, E., Ravereau, J., Guennec, M., Brehant, A. and Bonnard, R. (2018) Benefits of Polymeric Membranes in Oil and Gas Produced Water Treatment. Water Practice and Technology, 13, 303-311. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.019
Fakhru’l-Razi, A., Pendashteh, A., Abdullah, L.C., Biak, D.R.A., Madaeni, S.S. and Abidin, Z.Z. (2009) Review of Technologies for Oil and Gas Produced Water Treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170, 530-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05. 044
Salem, F. and Thiemann, T. (2022) Produced Water from Oil and Gas Exploration—Problems, Solutions and Opportunities. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 14, 142-185. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.142009
Ezennubia, V. ans Vilcáez, J. (2023) Removal of Oil Hydrocarbons from Petroleum Produced Water by Indigenous Oil Degrading Microbial Communities. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 51, Article ID: 103400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103400
Abbas, A.J., Gzar, H.A. and Rahi, M.N. (2021) Oilfield-Produced Water Characteristics and Treatment Technologies: A Mini Review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1058, Article ID: 012063. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1058/1/012063
Reike, D., Vermeulen, W.J. and Witjes, S. (2018) The Circular Economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0?—Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135, 246264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.027
Kamshad, T., Al-Ghamdi, A.R., Siritri, R.S. and Kellow, D. (2016) Risk Assessment for Implementation of Chemical Treatment Programs on Production Wells within the Wafra Oilfield Partition Zone (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait). Paper 7115, NACE International Source, CORROSION 2016, Vancouver, 6-10 March 2016. https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings/CORR16/All-CORR16/NACE-2016-7115/123448
Al-Hashem, A., Carew, J.A. and Al-Sayegh, A. (2000) The Effects of Water-Cut on the Corrosion Behavior L80 Carbon Steel under Downhole Conditions. Paper 00061, NACE International Source, CORROSION 2000, Orlando, 10-14 March 2000. https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings/CORR00/All-CORR00/NACE-00061/111962.
Scott, P.J.B., Al-Hashem, A. and Carew, J.A. (2007) Experiments on MIC of Steel and FRP Downhole Tubulars in West Kuwait Brines. Paper 07113, NACE International Source, CORROSION 2007, Nashville, 11-15 March 2007. https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings/CORR07/All-CORR07/NACE-07113/126604
Sun, W., Pugh, D.V., Ling, S., Reddy, R.V, Pacheco, J.L., Nisbet, R.S., Nor, N.M., Kersey, M.S. and Morshidi, L. (2011) Understanding and Quantifying Corrosion of L80 Carbon Steel in Sour Environments. Paper 11063, NACE International Source, CORROSION 2011, Houston, 11-15 March 2011. https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings/CORR11/All-CORR11/NACE-11063/120595
Smith, S. (2015) Current Understanding of Corrosion Mechanisms Due to H2S in Oil and Gas Production Environments. Paper 5845, NACE International Source, CORROSION 2015, Dallas TX, 15-19 March 2015. https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings/CORR15/All-CORR15/NACE-2015-5485/123229
Li, Z.Y., Liao, W., Wu, W., Du, C. and Li, X. (2017) Failure Analysis of Leakage Caused by Perforation in an L415 Steel Gas Pipeline. Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis, 9, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csefa.2017.07.003
Li, X.G., Zhang, D.W., Liu, Z.Y., Du, C. and Dong, C. (2015) Materials Science: Share Corrosion Data. Nature, 527, 441-442. https://doi.org/10.1038/527441a
Stanley, R.K. (1998) An Analysis of Failure in Coiled Tubing. IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Dallas, 3-6 March 1998, 515. https://doi.org/10.2118/39352-MS
Crabtree, A.R. (2008) CT-Failure Monitoring: A Decade of Experience. SPE/ICOTA Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, April 2008, SPE 113676, 1-7.
Hoang, T.A., Ang, H.M. and Rohl, A.L. (2007) Effects of Temperature on the Scaling of Calcium Sulphate in Pipes. Powder Technology, 179, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2006.11.013
Dyer, S.J. and Graham, G.M. (2002) The Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Oilfield Scale Formation. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 35, 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(02)00217-6
Pei, G., Wang, C. and Liu, L. (2014) Experimental Study on the Cause of Inorganic Scale Formation in the Water Injection Pipeline of Tarim Oilfield. Journal of Chemistry, 2014, Article ID: 619834. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/619834
Kardiman, Muryanto, S. and Bayuseno, A.P. (2015) Scaling of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in Pipes: Effect of Flow Rates and Tartaric Acid as Additives on Induction Time and Phase Transition. Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Science Education (IConSSE FSM SWCU), Salatiga, 1 August 2015, 71-77.
Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Yang, X., He, X., Wang, L., Xiong, D. and Gu, Y. (2022) Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel in Oilfield Produced Water under Dynamic Corrosion System. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology—Material Science Edition, 37, 677-691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-022-2582-3
Chudyk, I., Poberezhny, L., Hrysanchuk, A. and Poberezhna, L. (2019) Corrosion of Drill Pipes in High Mineralized Produced Waters. Procedia Structural Integrity, 16, 260-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2019.07.050
Liu, Y., Zhang, Y. and Yan, J. (2014) Influence of Produced Water with High Salinity and Corrosion Inhibitors on the Corrosion of Water Injection Pipe in Tuha Oil Field. Engineering Failure Analysis, 45, 225-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.06.010
AlAnezi, K., Al-Samhan, M., Belkharchouche, M., Abuhaimed, W., Alali, S., Alenizi, K. and Alfuraij, A. (2018) Comparative Analysis of Produced Water Collected from Different Oil Gathering Centers in Kuwait. Journal of Environmental Protection, 9, 736-750. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2018.96046
Li, W., Jing, J., Sun, J., Wang, S., Zhang, F. and Wang, H. (2023) Investigation of the Corrosion Characteristics and Corrosion Inhibitor Action on J55 Steel in Produced Water. Sustainability, 15, Article 3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043355
Fan, J., Louie, S.M. and Rodrigues, D.F. (2018) The Influence of Salinity, pH, Temperature and Particles on Produced Water Oil Quantification Precision and Accuracy with Confocal Laser Fluorescence Microscopy. Energy Fuels, 32, 6978-6989. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01353
Gawek, B., Lesaint, C., Bandyopadhyay, S. and Oye, G. (2015) Role of Physicochemical and Interfacial Properties on the Binary Coalescence of Crude Oil Drops in Synthetic Produced Water. Energy Fuels, 29, 512-519. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501847q
Emam, E.A., Moawad, T.M. and Aboul-Gheit, N. (2014) Evaluating the Characteristics of Offshore Oilfield Produced Water. Petroleum & Coal, 56, 363-372.
Siang, H.Y., Tahir, N.M., Malek, A. and Isa, M.A.M. (2017) Breakdown of Hydrogen Sulfide in Seawater under Different Ratios of Dissolved Oxygen/Hydrogen Sulfide. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 21, 1016-1027. https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2017-2105-03