Influence of the Nature of the Incoming Sludge on the Performance of a Vertical Flow Reed Beds in Dakar-Senegal — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Influence of the Nature of the Incoming Sludge on the Performance of a Vertical Flow Reed Beds in Dakar-Senegal
Laboratoire d’Etude Environnemental des Milieux Urbains (LEEMUR), Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement (ISE), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
,
Laboratoire d’Etude Environnemental des Milieux Urbains (LEEMUR), Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement (ISE), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
,
Laboratoire d’Etude Environnemental des Milieux Urbains (LEEMUR), Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement (ISE), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
,
Laboratoire d’Etude Environnemental des Milieux Urbains (LEEMUR), Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement (ISE), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
1 Laboratoire d’Etude Environnemental des Milieux Urbains (LEEMUR), Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement (ISE), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
2 Laboratoire d’Etude Environnemental des Milieux Urbains (LEEMUR), Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement (ISE), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
3 Laboratoire d’Etude Environnemental des Milieux Urbains (LEEMUR), Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement (ISE), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
4 Laboratoire d’Etude Environnemental des Milieux Urbains (LEEMUR), Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement (ISE), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
This work investigates the influence of the type sludge on drainage, plant development, purification performances and biosolids quality. Drainage properties were measured through the frequency of clogging, the percentage of leachate recovered and the dryness of accumulated sludge. Plant development was measured through the density, the height and the stem diameter. Purification performance was evaluated from the reduction rate. Biosolids quality was measured after 3 months of maturation. The results show that the clogging frequencies were 9.5%; 0% and 3.7%; the volume of leachate recovered was 42.2%; 20.4% and 24.7% and, the dryness was 33.4%; 61.1% and 52.4% for FS-ST, FS-STT and SS respectively. Plants densities were about, with densities 197.1, 171.3 and 178.3 plants/m 2 in beds fed respectively with FS-ST, FS-STT and SS. Despite the high removal rates, the concentrations of pollutants in the leachates are above the Senegalese standard NS 05-061 for discharge into the environment. The biosolids are all mature with C/N and N H 4 + / N O 3 ? ratios lower than 12 and 1 respectively. The biosolids are also rich in organic and mineral elements. The concentrations of Ascaris eggs are higher than the WHO recommendations. These biosolids should be stored for additional time or composted.
KeywordsBiosolid QualityDewatering PerformancePlanted Drying BedsPurification PerformanceSludge Type
Melidis, P., Gikas, G.D., Akratos, C.S. and Tsihrintzis, V.A. (2010) Dewatering of Primary Settled Urban Sludge in a Vertical Flow Wetland. Desalination , 250, 395-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.063
Nielsen, S. (2003) Sludge Drying Reed Beds. Water Science and Technology , 48, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0292
Nielsen, S. (2005) Sludge Reed Bed Facilities: Operation and Problems. Water Science and Technology , 51, 99-107. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0297
Koottatep, T., Surinkul, N., Polprasert, C., Kamal, A.S.M., Koné, D., Montangero, A., Heinss, U. and Strauss, M. (2005) Treatment of Septage in Constructed Wetlands in Tropical Climate: Lessons Learnt from Seven Years of Operation. Water Science and Technology , 51, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0301
Hardej, M. and Ozimek, T. (2002) The Effect of Sewage Sludge Flooding on Growth and Morphometric Parameters of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. Ec o logical Engineering , 18, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00095-7
Vincent, J., Molle, P., Wisniewski, C. and Liénard, A. (2011) Sludge Drying Reed Beds for Septage Treatment: Towards Design and Operation Recommendations. Bioresource Technology , 102, 8327-8330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.019
Sonko, E.H.M., Mbéguéré, M., Diop, C., Niang, S. and Strande, L. (2014) Effect of Hydraulic Loading Frequency on Performance of Planted Drying Beds for the Treatment of Faecal Sludge. Journal of Water , Sanitation and Hygiene for Deve l opment , 4, 633-641. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.024
Nielsen, S. and Willoughby, N. (2005) Sludge Treatment and Drying Reed Bed Systems in Denmark. Water and Environment Journal , 19, 296-305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00566.x
Dominiak, D., Christensen, M.L., Keiding, K. and Nielsen, P.H. (2011) Sludge Quality Aspects of Full-Scale Reed Bed Drainage. Water Research , 45, 6453-6460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.045
Strande, L. (2014) The Global Situation. In: Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D., Eds., Faecal Sludge Management : Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation , IWA Publishing, London, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780404738
Dodane, P.-H. and Bassan, M. (2014) Settling-Thickening Tanks. In: Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D., Eds., Faecal Sludge Management : Systems A p proach for Implementation and Operation , IWA Publishing, London, 123-139.
Fytili, D. and Zabaniotou, A. (2008) Utilization of Sewage Sludge in EU Application of Old and New Methods—A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 2, 116-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.014
Kengne, I.M., Akoa, A., Soh, E.K., Tsama, V., Ngoutane, M.M., Dodane, P.-H. and Koné, D. (2008) Effects of Faecal Sludge Application on Growth Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitch. and Chase and Cyperus papyrus L. Ecological Engineering , 34, 233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.08.007
Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Rice, E.W. and Greenberg, A.E. (2005) Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington DC.
Soltner, D. (1980) Les bases de la production végétale. 9th Edition, Sciences et Techniques Agricoles, Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loire.
Pecson, B.M., Barrios, J.A., Jiménez, B.E. and Nelson, K.L. (2007) The Effects of Temperature, pH, and Ammonia Concentration on the Inactivation of Ascaris Eggs in Sewage Sludge. Water Research , 41, 2893-2902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.040
WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Moodley, P., Archer, A. and Hawksworth, D. (2008) Standard Methods for the Recovery and Enumeration of Helminth Ova in Wastewater, Sludge, Compost and Urine-Diversion Waste in South Africa. WRC Report No. TT322/08, Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
Stefanakis, A.I. and Tsihrintzis, V.A. (2011) Dewatering Mechanisms in Pilot-Scale Sludge Drying Reed Beds: Effect of Design and Operational Parameters. Chemical Engineering Journal , 172, 430-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.111
Uggetti, E., Ferrer, I., Llorens, E. and García, J. (2010) Sludge Treatment Wetlands: A Review on the State of the Art. Bioresource Technology , 101, 2905-2912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.102
Kopp, J. and Dichtl, N. (2000) Prediction of Full-Scale Dewatering Results by Determining the Water Distribution of Sewage Sludges. Water Science and Technol o gy , 42, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0191
Langergraber, G., Habert, R., Laber, J. and Pressl, A. (2003) Evaluation of Substrate Clogging Process in Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands. Water Science and Tec h nology , 48, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0272
Dominiak, D., Christensen, M., Keiding, K. and Nielsen, P.H. (2011b) Gravity Drainage of Activated Sludge: New Experimental Method and Considerations of Settling Velocity, Specific Cake Resistance and Cake Compressibility. Water R e search , 45, 1941-1950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.029
Li, Y.-J., Yuan, B.-Z., Bie, Z.-L. and Kang, Y. (2012) Effect of Drip Irrigation Criteria on Yield and Quality of Muskmelon Grown in Greenhouse Conditions. Agricultural Water Management , 109, 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.02.003
Kengne, I.M., Dodane, P.-H., Akoa, A. and Koné, D. (2009a) Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands as Sustainable Sanitation Approach for Faecal Sludge Dewatering in Developing Countries. Desalination , 248, 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.068
Kuffour, A.R., Awuah, E., Anyemedu, F.O.K., Strauss, M., Koné, D. and Cofie, O. (2009) Effect of Using Different Particle Sizes of Sand as Filter Media for Dewatering Faecal Sludge. Desalination , 248, 308-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.121
Rousseau, D.P.L., Vanrolleghem, P.A. and De Pauw, N. (2004) Constructed Wetlands in Flanders: A Performance Analysis. Ecological Engineering , 23, 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.08.001
Wang, R., Korboulewsky, N., Prudent, P., Baldy, V. and Bonin, G. (2009) Can Vertical-Flow Wetland Systems Treat High Concentrated Sludge from a Food Industry? A Mesocosm Experiment Testing Three Plant Species. Ecological Engineering , 35, 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.05.017
Kadlec, R.H. (2003) Pond and Wetland Treatment. Water Science and Technology , 48, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0266
Walker, M. (2008) Performances of the FSTP of Rufisque and Its Impact on the WSP Intership Report. Eawag/Sandec, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.
Lee, C.-Y., Lee, C.-C., Lee, F.-Y., Tseng, S.-K. and Liao, C.-J. (2004) Performance of Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Taking Pretreated Swine Effluent under Heavy Loads. Bioresource Technology , 92, 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.012
Paing, J. and Voisin, J. (2005) Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Municipal Wastewater and Septage Treatment in French Rural Area. Water Science and Technology , 51, 145-155. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0306
Ouyang, Y., Luo, S.M. and Cui, L.H. (2011) Estimation of Nitrogen Dynamics in a Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetland. Ecological Engineering , 37, 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.008
Arias, C.A. and Brix, H. (2005) Phosphorus Removal in Constructed Wetlands: Can Suitable Alternative Media Be Identified? Water Science and Technology , 51, 267-273. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0335
Prochaska, C.A., Zouboulis, A.I. and Eskridge, K.M. (2007) Performance of Pilot-Scale Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands, as Affected by Season, Substrate, Hydraulic Load and Frequency of Application of Simulated Urban Sewage. Ecolo g ical Engineering , 31, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.05.007
Kengne, I.M., Akoa, A. and Koné, D. (2009b) Recovery of Biosolids from Constructed Wetlands Used for Faecal Sludge Dewatering in Tropical Regions. Env i ronmental Science and Technology , 43, 6816-6821. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803279y
Bernal, M.P., Alburquerque, J.A. and Moral, R. (2009) Composting of Animal Manures and Chemical Criteria for Compost Maturity Assessment. A Review. Bior e source Technology , 100, 5444-5453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027
Ko, H.J., Kim, K.Y., Kim, H.T., Kim, C.N. and Umeda, M. (2008) Evaluation of Maturity Parmeters and Heavy Metal Contents in Composts Made from Animal Manure. Waste Management , 28, 813-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.010
Bernal, M.P., Paredes, C., Sànchez-Monedero, M.A. and Cegarra, J. (1998) Maturity and Stability Parameters of Composts Prepared with a Wide Range of Organic Wastes. Bioresource Technology , 63, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00084-9
Harada, Y. and Inoko, A. (1980) Relationship between Cation Exchange Capacity and Degree of Maturity of City Refuse Composts. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition , 26, 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1980.10431220