Purification of Stormwater Using Sand Filter
- 1 Environment Engineering Department, Islamic University Gaza, The Gaza Strip, Gaza, The Palestinian Territories
- 2 Site Engineer, Infrastructure & Camp Improvement Program-UNRWA, The Gaza Strip, Gaza, The Palestinian Territories
Abstract
Rain water is an important source to feed the groundwater aquifer, whether directly or by harvesting and recharging. The importance of purification is for reducing the risk of pollutants from recharging runoff rainwater. The use of sand filter as a technique considered not expensive and commonly used for removing contaminants from water and wastewater treatment industries. The methodology used laboratory testing, by designing and constructing pilot plant to experiment the sand filter for purification, and made simulation for the infiltration of storm water through sand filter of 2 meters depth, in order to find the relationship between the depth o n one hand, and the removal of suspended solids and fecal coliforms bacteria on the other hand, to know the effective depth that gets the purification. The research results during three days of infiltration show that the sand filter can remove fecal coliforms bacteria at a depth of 150 cm, and provide purified water with a concentration of suspended solids less than 20 mg/liter at a depth of 75 cm.
- J. Balousek, “Potential Water Quality Impacts of Stormwater Infiltration,” 2011. http://www.countyofdane.com/lwrd/landconservation/papers/impactsofswinfiltration.pdf
- S. Clark and R. Pitt, “Stormwater Runoff Treatment: Evaluation of Filtration Media,” US Environmental Protection Agency, Water Supply and Water Resources Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, EPA No. 600R00010, Cincinnati, 1999.
- R. Losco and J. Valentine, “Storm water Infiltration and the Soil Landscape Connection,” Pennsylvania Association of Professional Soil Scientists. 2003. http://www3.villanova.edu/vusp/Outreach/pasym03/pdfs/3A3.pdf
- AWWA, “Standard for Granular Filter Material,” American Water Works Association ANSI/AWWA B100-09, 2002.
- A. Torrens, P. Molle, C. Boutin and M. Salgot, “Impact of Design and Operation Variables on the Performance of Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands and Intermittent Sand Filters Treating Pond Effluent,” Water Research, Vol. 43, No. 7, 2009, pp. 1851-1858.
- D. Anderson, R. Siegrist and R. Otis, “Technology Assessment of Intermittent Sand Filters,” EPA No. 832R85100, 1985.
- B. R. Urbonas, “Stormwater Sand Filter Sizing and Design A Unit Operations Approach,” 2008. http://www.udfcd.org/downloads/pdf/tech_papers/Sand-flt-paper.pdf
- L. Huisman and W. E. Wood, “Slow Sand Filtration,” World Health Organization, Geneva, 1974, pp. 47-79. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/ssfbegin.pdf
- R. Culp, G. Wesner and G. Culp, “Advanced Wastewater Treatment,” 2nd Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1978.
- S. Farooq, A. K. Al-Yousef, R. I. Allayla and A. M. Ishaq, “Tertiary Treatment of Sewage Effluent via Pilot Scale Slow Sand Filtration,” Environmental Technology, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1993, pp. 15-28.
- H. Bruijn and S. E. Clark, “Research and Development of Effective Suspended Solids Removal from Storm Water Runoff in Collection Systems Using In-Line Lamella Plate Separators,” Terre Hill Stormwater System Research Papers. Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Symposium, Villanova University, Villanova, 2003. http://www.terrehill.com/documents/09_19_03_villanovapaperterrekleen.pdf
- V. Ellis, “Slow sand Filtration,” CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1984, pp. 315-354.
- S. Hamdan, U. Troeger and A. Nassar, “Quality Risks of Stormwater Harvesting in Gaza,” Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2011, pp. 55-64.