Using Ecological Floating Bed (EFB) to purify polluted water is a process of ecological restoration at virgin position, as well as a complicated physical, chemical and biological process. Its core is utilizing aquatic plants and root’s microbes to absorb nitrogen and phosphorus elements, degrade organic matter and enrich heavy metal. EFB has been applied to some water pollution control projects at home and abroad, and has got several achievements. However, there are some factors influenced the removal rate of pollutants, including plants, temperature, seasons, processing time, coverage and initial concentration of pollutants. In the future, the development orientation has been prospected from plant and its combinations, the transformation of EFB structure and the utilization of aquatic resources, and probed the technology of EFB’s building and management, to implement the win-win of landscape benefit and ecological function.
Environment Protection Ministry of People’s Republic of China, “China’s State of the Environment Bulletin,” 2012.
Z. Y. Ren and C. G. Deng, “Application of Ecological Floating Bed Technology,” Journal of Agro-Environment Science, Vol. 26, 2007, pp. 261-263.
M. H. Hu, J. Yuan and X. E. Yang, “Eutrophication Purification and Resource Utilization by Aquatic Vegetables,” Journal of Lake Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2010, pp. 416-420.
J. Q. Wang, Y. F. Zhi, Y. Z. Song, et al., “Purification Effect of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Coverage on the Different Flow Properties Water Bodies,” Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2012, pp. 124-129.
G. F. Xu, “Study on Purified Efficiency of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Eutrophicated Landscape Water by Four Floating Ornamental Plants,” Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 7, 2010, pp. 299-302.
H. W. Xu and Y. Lu, “Research Advances of Aquatic Plants in Water Ecological Restoration,” Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2011, pp. 413-416.
J. Z. Chen, S. L. Meng, H. D. Hu, et al., “Effect of Ipomoea Aquatica Cultivation on Artificial Floating Rafts on Water Quality of Intensive Aquaculture Ponds,” Ecology and Environment in the Countryside, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2010, pp. 155-159.
L. Li, Y. Yang, F. J. Yang, et al., “Growth Characteristic Features and Behaviors of Aquatic Plants in the Polluted Water,” Journal of Safety and Environment, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2011, pp. 14-19.
Y. Z. Zhen, G. Li, J. Du, et al., “Effect of Biological Floating Island on Water Quality and Algae in a Tributary Bay Typical of the Three-Gorge Reservoir,” Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2013, pp. 278-283.
M. W. Jayaweera, J. C. Kasturiarachchi, R. K. A. Kularatnea, et al., “Contribution of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Grown under Different Nutrient Conditions to Fe-removal Mechanisms in Constructed Wetlands,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 87, No. 3, 2008, pp. 450-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.013
L. J. Fox, P. C. Struik, B. L. Appleton, et al., “Nitrogen Phytoremediation by Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms),” Water Air Soil Pollut, Vol. 194, 2008, pp. 199-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9708-x
K. H. Lu, R. Y. Hu, J. J. Liang, et al., “Characteristics of Rhizosphere Microbial Community Structure of Two Aquatic Plants in Eutrophic Waters,” China Environmental Science, Vol. 30, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1508-1515.
S. T. Luo, Y. J. Zhang and J. Y. Li, “Effect of Combination of Submerged Macrophyte With Ecological Floating Bed on Aquacultural Pollution Controlling,” Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2011, pp. 87-94.
F. P. Bu, G. Y. Luo, X. Y. Xu, et al., “Canna indica and Acorus Calamus Ecological Floating Beds for Purification of Micro-Polluted Source Water,” China Water & Wastewater, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2010, pp. 14-17.
W. Liu, J. R. Qiu, Z. B. Wei, et al., “Effects of Different Plants and Plant Root Exudates on Wastewater Purification,” Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2009, pp. 971-976.
X. P. Cheng, Z. B. Wu and Y. Z. Xia, “Review on Gas Exchange and Transportation in Macrophytes,” Acta Hydrobiological Sinica, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2003, pp. 413-417.
L. F. Huang, J. F. Zhuo Jianfu, W. D. Guo, et al., “Tracing Organic Matter Removal in Polluted Coastal Waters via Floatingbed Phytoremediation,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 71, 2013, pp. 74-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.032
C. Z. Yan, A. Y. Zeng, X. C. Jin, et al., “Equilibrium Sorption Isotherm for Cu2+ onto Hydrilla verticillata Royle and Myriophyllum spicatum,” Environmental Science, Vol. 27, No. 6, 2006, pp. 1068-1072.
T. A. Davis, B. Volesky and A. Mucci, “A Review of the Biochemistry of Heavy Metal Biosorption by Brown Algae,” Water Research, Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 4311-4330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00293-8
D. M. Hammad, “Cu, Ni and Zn Phytoremediation and Translocation by Water Hyacinth Plant at Different Aquatic Environments,” Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, 2011, pp. 11-22.
C. H. Xiong, X. G. Xu, Y. E. Lu, et al., “Canna Indica and Acorus calamus Ecological Floating Beds for Purification of Micro-Polluted Source Water,” Acta Horticulturae Sinica, Vol. 39, No. 12, 2012, pp. 2385-2394.
C. S. Yang, C. Y. Lan and W. S. Shu, “Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Artificial Wetland with Typhalatifolia,” Water Treatment Technology, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2002, pp. 101-104.
X. Jiang and C. Wang, “Zinc Distribution and Zinc-Binding Forms in Phragmites Australis under Zinc Pollution,” Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 165, 2008, pp. 697-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2007.05.011
J. Yu, C. X. Huang, Q. Liang, et al., “Disposal of Coppercontaminated Water with Canna indica Ecological Floating Bed,” Anhui Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 12, 2012, pp. 7331-7333.
K. Nakamura and Y. Shimatani, “Water Purification and Environmental Enhancement by the Floating Wetland,” Proceeding of 6th IAWQ Asia-Pacific Regional Conference in Korea, 1997.
M. M. He, C. Zhu and Z. J. He, “Application and Landscape Effects of Eco-Floating Bed in the Guangzhou Asian Games City’s River,” Guangzhou Garden, Vol. 6, 2010, pp. 10-13.
Y. Y. Huang, M. Jiang, Y. J. Zhang, et al., “Building Artificial Floating-Island for Treating Bailianjing River in Shanghai,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 33, No. 8, 2010, pp. 108-133.
C. J. Sun, Y. J. Gao, Y. Cao, et al., “Study on Design and Effect of Estuary Ecological Floating Bed Pilot Project at Dianshan Lake,” China Water & Wastewater, Vol. 26, No. 18, 2010, pp. 64-68.
Y. J. Gao, R. L. Ruan, C. J. Sun, et al., “Research on Purification Effect of Ecological Floating Bed Experimental Project in Qiandunpu Estuary Region in Dianshan Lake,” Water Resources Protection, Vol. 27, No. 6, 2011, pp. 28-31.
Y. H. Chen, Y. Zhang, M. S. Huang, et al., “Demonstration Work on Purification of Urban Polluted Rivers by Staged Floating Treatment Wetlands,” Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science Edition), Vol. 1, 2011, pp. 111-118.
X. R. Mao and J. B. Zhou, “Research on Water Quality Purification Capacity of Several Species of Aquatic Plants Commonly Used by Ecological Floating Bed,” Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 1, 2011, pp. 157-159.
L. M. Wu, H. B. Cong, X. F. Wang, et al., “Effect of Three Kinds of Floating-bed Plants and Artificial Plants on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in Water,” Environmental Technology, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2010, pp. 12-16.
Y. Jiang, Y. Tong, W. H. You, et al., “Research on Comparison of the Growth Characteristics and the Optimize Configuration Modes of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake Capacity of Three Kinds of Plant Cultivated on the Floating-Bed,” China Environmental Science, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2011, pp. 774-780.
V. K. Mishra, A. R. Upadhyay, S. K. Pandey and B. D. Tripathi, “Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Aquatic Macrophytes of Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar an Anthropogenic Lake Affected by Coal Mining Effluent,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 141, 2008, pp. 49-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9877-x
Y. Ge, J. Chang, X. Y. Wang, et al., “Relationship between the Physiological Characters and Purification Ability of Different Plants in Waters with Two Trophic Levels,” Acta Ecological Sinica, Vol. 20, No. 6, 2000, pp. 1050-1055.
J. F. Zhen, G. Y. Luo, X. Y. Xu, et al., “Purification of Heavily Polluted River Water by Ecological Floating Bed at Low Temperatures,” China Water & Wastewater, Vol. 24, No. 21, 2008, pp. 17-20.
G. Y. Luo, F. P. Bu, X. Y. Xu, et al., “Effect of Temperature on the Ecological Floating bed System,” China Environmental Science, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2010, pp. 499-503.
M. H. Hu, J. H. Yuan, X. E. Yang, et al., “Effects of Temperature on Purification of Eutrophic Water by Floating Eco-Island System,” Acta Ecologica Sinica, Vol. 30, 2010, pp. 310-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2010.06.009
F. M. Liu, “Effect of Temperature on Eichhornia Crassipes Floating Island Purification,” Environmental Protection Science, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2013, pp. 9-11.
F. L. Zhao, S. Xi, X. E. Yang, et al., “Purifying Eutrophic River Waters with Integrated Floating Island Systems,” Ecological Engineering, Vol. 40, 2012, pp. 53-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.12.012
Y. M. Zhang, Y. X. Gao, X. M. Wu, et al., “Effect of the Technique of Complex Three-Dimensional Ecological Floating-Bed in Removing N and P From Slightly Polluted Water Body,” Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, Vol. 26, No. S1, 2010, pp. 24-19.
L. P. Sun, Y. Liu, C. Feng, et al., “Removal of Nitrogen from Water Bodies by Canna Floating Bed in Different Seasons,” Journal of Sun Yat-sen University (Natural Science Edition), Vol. 47, No. 2, 2008, pp. 127-130.
A. Sivaci, E. Elmas, F. Gümüs, et al., “Removal of Cadmium by Myriophyllum Heterophyllum Michx and Potamogeton crispus L. and Its Effect on Pigments and Total Phenolic Compounds,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 54, 2008, pp. 612-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9070-9
T. O. Ajayi and A. O. Ogunbayo, “Achieving Environmental Sustainability in Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation with Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes),” Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 5, No. 7, 2012, pp. 80-90.
S. Chao, J. Z. Chen, X. P. Ge, et al., “The Control of Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Tilapia Fish Pond by Floating-Bed-Grown Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica),” Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 23, 2011, pp. 70-75.
Y. Q. Liu, G. Y. Zou, X. F. Song, et al., “Response of Phytoplankton Community to a New Ecological Floating Bed System (EFBS) in Enclosures with Eutrophicated Water,” Research of Environmental Science, Vol. 24, No. 11, 2011, pp. 1233-1239.
Q. Wang and S. P. Cheng, “Review on Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Water by Macrophytes,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 33, No. 5, 2010, pp. 96-102.
L. J. Fox, P. C. Struik, B. L. Appleton, et al., “Nitrogen Phytoremediation by Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms),” Water Air Soil Pollution, Vol. 194, 2008, pp. 199-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9708-x
X. M. Lu, K. Maleeya, P. Prayad, et al., “Removal of Cadmium and Zinc by Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes,” Science Asia, Vol. 30, 2004, pp. 93-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2004.30.093
C. F. Zhou, S. Q. An, J. H. Jiang, et al., “An in Vitro Propagation Protocol of Two Submerged Macrophytes for Lake Revegetation in East China,” Aquatic Botany, Vol. 85, 2006, pp. 44-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.01.013
X. H. Chen, C. J. Sun, Y. Cao and Y. J. Gao, “Research on Effects and Factors of Applying Ecological Floating Bed Technology to Governing Eutrophic Shallow Lakes,” Proceedings of the 2010 Academic Annual Meeting of Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences (Volume III), 2010, pp. 2595-2600.
J. Q. Fan, G. Y. Zou, X. F. Song, et al., “Effects of FCEFB and TFB on the Nitrogen Removal and Nitrogen Cycling Microbial Community in a Eutrophic River,” Research of Environmental Science, Vol. 24, No. 8, 2011, pp. 850-856.
W. Li, X. N. Li, D. W. Cao, et al., “Effect of Combined Ecological Floating Bed Technology on Improvement of Eutrophic Source Water Quality,” China Water & Wastewater, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2008, pp. 34-38.
B. Guo and W. Zhang, “Application of Ecological Floating Bed in Dianshan Lake’s Eutrophic Water Restoration,” China Science and Technology Information, Vol. 23, 2010, pp. 16-17.