This work demonstrates the possibility to make a full valuation of a solid waste such as turkey manure, to obtain methane and a soil conditioner/fertilizer from turkey manure anaerobic digestion in a mesophilic pilot-scale continuous stirred tank reactor at different organic loading rates (OLR) (from 0.5 to 2.5 kgVS/m<sup>3</sup>d). The application of the anaerobic mono-digestion for the turkey manure treatment was an efficient alternative, because high volatile solids removal and methane were obtained in addition to obtaining a stabilized solid waste that can be applied as soil conditioner, based on its nutritional parameters and humic substances content. In this way, the turkey manure anaerobic digestion can be applied avoiding the co-digestion of the manure with other wastes and allows a process devoid of pollutant emissions, obtaining two products. The reactor operation depends on the OLR, and its operation does not allow an OLR above 1.5 kgVS/m<sup>3</sup>d. Higher OLR produced a decrease in the TS and VS removals and methane productivity.
[1] I. Angelidaki, L. Ellegaard and B. Ahring, “Applications of the Anaerobic Digestion Process,” In: T. Scheper, Ed., Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 82, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 1-33.
W. Edelmann, “Products, Impacts and Economy of An- aerobic Digestion of OFMSW,” In: J. Mata-Alvarez, Ed., Biomethanization of the Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Wastes, IWA Publishing, London, 2003, pp. 265-301.
P. Vandevivere, L. De Baere and W. Verstraete, “Types of Anaerobic Digester for Solid Waste,” In: J. Mata-Al- varez, Ed., Biomethanization of the Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Wastes, IWA Publishing, London, pp. 111-140.
A. P. H. A., “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewaters,” 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington D.C., 1998.
A. Sadzawka, M. A. Carrasco, R. Grez, M. L. Mora, H. Flores and A. Neaman, “Recommended Analytical Meth- ods for the Chilean Soils,” Standards and Accreditation Committee, Chilean Society of Soil Science, Santiago (in Spanish), 2006.
D. S. Orlov and L. A. Grishina, “Practical Manual of Humus Chemistry,“ Moscow University Press, Moscow (in Russian), 1981.
J. Field, R. Sierra álvarez and G. Lettinga, “Ensayos Anaerobios”, Actas del 4 Seminario D. A. A. R.: De- puración Anaerobia de Aguas Residuales, Valladolid, 1988, pp. 52-81.
T. Espinosa-Solares, J. Bombardiere, M. Chatfield, M. Domaschko, M. Easter, D. A. Stafford, S. Castillo-An- geles and N. Castellanos-Hernandez, “Macroscopic Mass and Energy Balance of a Pilot Plant Anaerobic Bioreactor Operated under Thermophilic Conditions,” Applied Bio- chemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 132, No. 1-3, 2006, pp. 959-968. doi:10.1385/ABAB:132:1:959
P. Kaparaju, I. Buendia, L. Ellegaard and I. Angelidakia, “Effects of Mixing on Methane Production during Ther- mophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Manure: Lab-Scale and Pilot-Scale Studies,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, No. 11, 2008, pp. 4919-4928. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.015
L. M. Safley, R. L. Vetter and D. Smith, “Operating a Full-Scale Poultry Manure Anaerobic Digester,” Bio- logical Wastes, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1987, pp. 79-90. doi:10.1016/0269-7483(87)90102-9
I. Angelidaki, X. Chen, J. Cui, P. Kaparaju and L. Elle- gaard, “Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Source- Sorted Organic Fraction of Household Municipal Solid Waste: Start-Up Procedure for Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor,” Water Research, Vol. 40, No. 14, 2006, pp. 2621-2628. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.05.015
R. Chamy, P. Poirrier, M. C. Schiappacasse, D. Alkalay and L. Guerrero, “Effect of Ammonia Content in the Biodegradability of the Salmon Industry Waste,” Bio- process Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1998, pp. 1-5.
R. Chamy, C. León, E. Vivanco, P. Poirrier and C. Ramos, “Anaerobic Monodigestion of Poultry Manure, Effective Alternative against Codigestion: Determination of Operation Parameters for CSTR,” Proceedings of the 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, Guadala- jara, Mexico, 2010.
I. Angelidaki and B. K. Ahring, “Anaerobic Thermophilic Digestion of Manure at Different Ammonia Loads: Ef- fects of Temperature,” Water Research, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1994, pp. 727-731. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90153-8
I. Angelidaki and B. K. Ahring, “Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Waste: The Effect of Ammonia,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 38, 1993, pp. 560-564.
L. A. De Baere, M. Devocht, P. Van Assche and W. Ver- straete, “Influence of high NaCl and NH4Cl salt levels on methanogenic associations”, Water Research, Vol. 18, No. 5, 1984, pp. 543-548. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(84)90201-X
N. Krylova, R. E. Khabiboulline, R. P Naumava and M. A. Nagel, “The Influence of Ammonium and Methods for Removal during the Anaerobic Treatment of Poultry Manure,” Journal of Chemical Technology & Biote- chnology Vol. 70, No. 1, 1997, pp. 99-105.
T. Liu and S. Sung, “Ammonia Inhibition on Thermo- philic Aceticlastic Methanogens,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 45, No. 10, 2002, pp. 113-120.
F. Omil, R. Méndez and J. M. Lema, “Anaerobic Treat- ment of Saline Wastewaters under High Sulphide and Ammonia Content,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 54, 1995, pp. 269-278. doi:10.1016/0960-8524(95)00143-3
S. Sung and T. Liu, “Ammonia Inhibition on Thermo- philic Anaerobic Digestion,” Chemosphere, Vol. 53, No. 1, 2003, pp. 43-52. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00434-X
A. F. M. van Velsen, “Adaptation of Methanogenic Sludge to High Ammonia-Nitrogen Concentrations,” Water Research, Vol. 13, 1979, pp. 995-999. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(79)90194-5
G. N. Demirer and S. Chen, “Two-Phase Anaerobic Di- gestion of Unscreened Dairy Manure,” Process Biochem- istry, Vol. 40, No. 11, 2005, pp. 3542-3549. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.062
J. Gelegenis, D. Georgakakis, I. Angelidaki, N. Chris- topoulou and M. Goumenaki, “Optimization of Biogas Production from Olive.Oil Mill Wastewater, by Codi- gesting with Diluted Poultry-Manure,” Applied Energy, Vol. 84, No. 6, 2007, pp. 646-663. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.12.001
K. Karim, R. Hoffmann, K. T. Klasson and M. H. Al-Dahhan, “Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Waste: Ef- fect of Mode of Mixing,” Water Research, Vol. 39, No. 15, 2005, pp. 3597-3606. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.06.019
K. Karim, R. Hoffmann, T. Klasson and M. H. Al-Dahhan, “Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Waste: Waste Strength versus Impact of Mixing,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, No. 16, 2005, pp. 1771-1781. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.020
A. Lehtom?ki, S. Huttunen and J. A. Rintala, “Laboratory Investigations on Co-Digestion of Energy Crops and Crop Residues with Cow Manure for Methane Production: Effect of Crop to Manure Ratio,” Resources, Conserva- tion and Recycling, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2007, pp. 591-609. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.11.004
Z. Pechan, O. Knappová, B. Petrovi?ová and O. Adamec, “Anaerobic Digestion of Poultry Manure at High Ammo- nium Nitrogen Concentrations,” Biological Wastes, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1987, pp. 117-131. doi:10.1016/0269-7483(87)90162-5