The management of contaminated areas with multiple sources of contamination (megasites) is among the biggest challenges for the Brazilian environmental agencies, especially because aquifers in big urban areas, like the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, are important sources of water for human supply purposes. One of the main reasons that hamper the proper management of urban environmental problems is a lack of a unified system where all information can be easily integrated into regional studies. To address this problem, a method for data integration and management using a Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed. This method was applied to the case of a regional contamination of an aquifer by chlorinated solvents at a former industrial district in Sao Paulo city, named Jurubatuba, but the final product might also be used for data management of contaminated areas for the entire State of Sao Paulo. The main result obtained was that the site-by-site approach for aquifer contamination management is ineffective. Furthermore, there are many other suspected and potential sources of contamination without any information available after more than 10 years since the contamination problem was discovered at the FIZ 131.
KeywordsMegasiteChlorinated OrganicsGeographic Information System
Malina, G., Krupanek, J., Sievers, J., Grossmann, J., ter Meer, J. and Rijnaarts, H.H. (2006) Integrated Management Strategy for Complex Groundwater Contamination at a Megasite Scale. In: Twardowska, I., Allen, H.E., Haggblom, M.M. and Stefaniak, S., Eds., Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation, Springer, Dordrecht, 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4728-2_37
Schadler, S., Morio, M., Bartke, S. and Finkel, M. (2012) Integrated Planning and Spatial Evaluation of Megasite Remediation and Reuse Options. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 127, 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.03.003
CLARINET (2002) Review of Decision Support Tools for Contaminated Land Management: An Overview. http://www.commonforum.eu/publications_clarinet.asp
Bardos, P. (2003) Sharing Experience in the Management of Megasites: Towards a Sustainable Approach in Land Management of Industrially Contaminated Sites. Report of the NICOLE Workshop, 29-31. http://www.nicole.org/uploadedfiles/NICOLE-Lille-October2003.pdf
Carlon, C., Pizzol, L., Critto, A. and Marcomini, A. (2008) A Spatial Risk Assessment Methodology to Support Remediation of Contaminated Land. Environment International, 34, 397-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.009
Schadler, S., Morio, M., Finkel, M. and Trefry, M.G. (2008) Land-Use Related Cost Estimates for Contaminated Site Development: Consequences of Uncertainty for Planning and Investment Decisions. Proceedings Groundwater Quality 2007 Conference, Fremantle, 2-7 December 2007, 539-546.
Jamin, P., Dollé, F., Chisala, B., Orban, P., Popescu, I.C., Herivaux, C., Dassargues, A. and Brouyère, S. (2012) A Regional Flux-Based Risk Assessment Approach for Multiple Contaminated Sites on Groundwater Bodies. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 127, 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.07.001
Vega, A., Argus, R., Stockton, T., Black, P., Black, K. and Stiber, N. (2009) SMARTe: An MCDA Approach to Revitalize Communities and Restore the Environment. In: Marcomini, A., Suter, G.W. II and Critto, A., Eds., Decision Support Systems for Risk-Based Management of Contaminated Sites, Springer, New York, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09722-0_9
Sullivan, T., Yatsalo, B., Grebenkov, A. and Linkov, I. (2009) Decision Evaluation for Complex Risk Network Systems (DECERNS) Software Tool. In: Marcomini, A., Suter, G.W. II and Critto, A., Eds., Decision Support Systems for Risk-Based Management of Contaminated Sites, Springer, New York, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09722-0_12
Ascough, J.C., Maier, H.R., Ravalico, J.K. and Strudley, M.W. (2008) Future Research Challenges for Incorporation of Uncertainty in Environmental and Ecological Decision-Making. Ecological Modelling, 219, 383-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.015
Malczewski, J. (2006) GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis: A Survey of the Literature. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 20, 703-726. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810600661508
Morio, M., Finkel, M., Schadler, S., Hartmuth, G., Rügner, H. and Trefry, M.G. (2008) Improving Mega-Site Revitalisation Strategies by Trading off Benefits from Future Land Use and Clean-Up Costs. Proceedings Groundwater Quality 2007 Conference, Fremantle, 2-7 December 2007, 555-562.
SAO PAULO (2009) Projeto Jurubatuba: Restricao e controle de uso de água subterranea. Secretaria de Estado de Saneamento e Recursos Hídricos, Departamento de Aguas e Energia Elétrica; Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, Instituto Geológico. DAEE/IG, Sao Paulo, 109.
CETESB (2015) Areas Contaminadas Críticas. http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/
L’Apiccirella, E.S. (2009) Contaminacao e Areas de Restricao de Uso de Agua Subterranea no Entorno do Canal Jurubatuba em Sao Paulo-SP. MSc. Thesis, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo.
Hirata, R.C. and Ferreira, L.M. (2008) Os aqüíferos da Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Tietê: Disponibilidade hídrica e vulnerabilidade à poluicao. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 31, 43-50.
CBH-AT-COMITê DA BACIA HIDROGRáFICA DO ALTO TIETê (2011) áreas de restricao e controle para a captacao e uso das águas subterraneas no município de Sao Paulo, na regiao de Jurubatuba. Sao Paulo.
ESRI (2013) Knowledge Base-Technical Articles: Data Models. http://downloads2.esri.com/support/TechArticles/Groundwater_Data_Model.pdf
Jacob, A.M., Castro, G. and Miyashiro, N.J. (2012) Aplicacao de método geoelétrico para caracterizacao geológica estratigráfica e estrutural. Thesis, SENAC, Sao Paulo.
Pereira, E.V. and Sartini, R.P. (2007) Gerenciamento de áreas Contaminadas na Regiao do Jurubatuba. Thesis, SENAC, Sao Paulo.
CETESB (2014) Relacao de áreas Contaminadas e Reabilitadas. http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/areas-contaminadas/rela%E7%F5es-d e-%E1%A1reas-contaminadas/4-rac
US Soil Survey Staff (1993) Soil Survey Manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.
Bertolo, R.A. (1996) Relacoes entre rios e o aqüífero sedimentar da Bacia de Sao Paulo em área de exploracao intensiva de água subterranea. PhD Dissertation, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo.
Reboucas, A. (1992) Condicoes de uso e protecao das águas subterraneas. Proceedings Problemas Geológicos e Geotécnicos na RMSP, ABAS/ABGE/SBG-SP, Sao Paulo, 77-87.
Fernandes, A.J., Fiume, B., Bertolo, R. and Hirata, R.C.A. (2016) Modelo geométrico de fraturas e análise da tectonica rúptil aplicados ao estudo do fluxo do aquífero cristalino, Sao Paulo (SP). Geologia USP, 16, 71-88. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v16i3p71-88
Pankow, J.F. and Cherry, J.A. (1996) Dense Chlorinated Solvents and Other DNAPLs in Groundwater: History, Behavior, and Remediation. Waterloo Press, Ontario.